Essay on "Zero Tolerance Policing a Comparative Analysis"

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[EXCERPT] . . . .

Zero Tolerance Policing

A Comparative Analysis of Policing Strategies

The second half of the 20th century in particular saw the development of several conflicting philosophies of policing. Though each of these philosophies has at the heart of it the betterment and safety of citizens and the effectiveness and fulfillment of police officers, they differ in their ideas about the root of crime and the role of the police force in preventing or stopping it.

The drastic drop in New York City's crime rate in the mid-1990s brought into the spotlight one of the more controversial of these philosophies: zero-tolerance policing. An article in the Atlantic Monthly by J.Q. Wilson and G.L. Kelling (1982) described zero-tolerance policing using a "broken window" analogy. Essentially, just as a broken window in a building signals neglect and invites plundering, so petty crimes in neighborhoods and communities signal a lack of law enforcement in the area and create a climate conducive to more serious infractions (Kelling and Bratton, 1998). Zero-tolerance policing seeks to eliminate the culture of serious crime by eradicating the climate of petty crime that fosters it through disciplined, organized, and absolutely consistent enforcement of the law.

On the surface, this type of policing seems to stand in contrast to the more philosophically open systems of policing developed in the 1970s. The struggles for civil rights in the 1960s had created a tense relationship between police and communities, and in response both criminologists and police departments sought new approaches to police work.

Two of the policing philosophies tha
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t stemmed from this movement were problem-oriented policing and community policing. Though the two philosophies are closely linked and sometimes practiced concurrently, they are distinguished by subtle differences.

The broader of these two systems is problem-oriented policing. In tracing the development of the problem-oriented approach, Herman Goldstein indicated that the defining characteristic of problem-oriented policing is a fundamental understanding that the reason for the police system is societal problems, and thus the main objective of policing should be to alleviate and eradicate these problems. These problems are wide-ranging and complex, and they have fallen to police mainly, Goldstein claims, "because no other means has been found to solve them" (Goldstein, 1979, p. 243).

Eck and Spelman (1987) isolate three main characteristics of problem-oriented policing: defining problems using situational descriptors instead of generic terms, gathering information from throughout the community, and seeking solutions beyond the traditional justice system. These characteristics often require officers, their managers, and their departments to develop different views of themselves and their jobs.

In order to adopt a problem-solving approach to policing, many departments find that they need to restructure their internal hierarchy, both in attitude and in practice. Traditionally, departments have been structured around a rigid chain of command with a clear demarcation of authority. The broad demands of the problem-oriented approach, however, require a large amount of flexibility and discretion on the part of individual officers. Thus many departments find that, in order to be effective problem-solving units, they must "decentralize" decision-making and put the bulk of it into the hands of the officers, not the management (Eck & Spelman, 1987, p. 47).

Community policing is similar to problem-oriented policing in many ways. Community policing seeks to implement specific policing techniques to strengthen ties and forge a cooperative spirit between communities and their police forces. As with problem-oriented policing, community policing… READ MORE

Quoted Instructions for "Zero Tolerance Policing a Comparative Analysis" Assignment:

Assign this paper to an American ***** only. This paper should be based on the readings I sent. When writing, make sure you think about what the authors are saying (do not rely solely on someone*****s findings or what they say someone else found). The pape should be based on all of the sent readings and your answer may be referenced using only the name of the authors---for example (Ostrom). However, if you use a direct quote from a reading, you must provide me with the name of the author and the page number where the quote was taken from. If you borrow or use materials that are not sent for this paper, you need to provide me with full citations (author, date, location of article, etc.) for these works. In other words:

1) If you use materials from an article on the reading list I send, you may reference it by using the name of the author or authors if you are paraphrasing something.

2) If you directly quote something from an article that I send, you should reference it by using the name of the author or authors and the page number where the quote may be found. 3) If you use materials from another source, then you must provide me with a full citation (author and date) in the text. 4) As far as putting a reference page on your paper, you ONLY HAVE TO DO THIS IF YOU USE MATERIALS NOT SENT. If you include a reference page you MUST provide me the name of author, title of the article, where the article was found, date, publisher and page numbers. Please make the paper respond to the question being asked and you MUST use the readings sent. You may use other articles outside of what was sent, but when answering the question you MUST use the sent readings if they are applicable. Do not just summarize each of the sent readings. Integrate the readings while developing your answers. You do not need to use materials that are not provided. Your answer must be in your own words. DO NOT use lengthy quotes from the c materials sent. I would expect that the paper be in propper APA format. All work should be saved in RTF format. Opinions are okay. But ONLY IF YOU SUPPORT YOUR OPINIONS with materials sent or elsewhere. This does not mean you may forget about the readings. You should first use the readings and then you may want to add your opinions/experiences to say whether you agree or do not agree with the readings. Paragraphs should be a minimum of 3 sentences and no more than 8. In the first paragraph of any paper you should state what the paper is about, briefly, then use the following paragraphs to make your points. You should end you papers with a concluding paragraph in which you review what you stated in the previous paragraphs and why it is relevant. Flow is important. You must always use citations to develop and defend your arguments in the empirical findings of the assigned readings. You should base your arguments on the evidence you find in as many of the empirical readings as you can. Please remember, failure to use appropriate citation constitutes plagiarism.

Here are a few examples of what your citations should look like:

Citing 1 author - (Smith, 2002).

Citing 2 authors - (Smith & Smith, 2002).

Citing 3 or more authors - (Smith et al., 2002).

Please use APA style in your papers. A great resource if you*****re not familiar with this citation style is:(http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01)

With all that said, here is the question you must answer in the paper:

Zero Tolerance policing and other programs aimed at reducing gang involvement and gun availability have become quite popular with some groups. How are these programs a) similar to POP and b) different from POP? When answering this question make sure you discuss the activities that officers engage in when implementing these other programs (and COP and POP), the reasons why these new interventions may or may not be successful, and the outcomes associated with each type of program.

*****

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