Essay on "Hockey and Masculinity Violence"

Quoted Instructions for "Hockey and Masculinity Violence" Assignment:

Write a critical/argumentative essay of the topic below. Provide at least 6 sources outside of Hockey Night in Canada by Gruneau and Whitson (will be emailed). Use the 6 sources and Hockey Night in Canada to support your thoughts/ideas. Please include a Works Cited page.

TOPIC: Hockey, that is, professional men's hockey, came back after a one year hiatus and all was right in the world...Well, almost. The Carolina Hurricanes won the Staney Cup and for the second time in three years, a Canadian team came up one game short of bringing the cup home to its rightful place-If, of course, you are to believe the Canadian media. During the course of the 2006 playoffs, the following headline appeared:

"Hockey fans stabbed in Edmonton melee"

Two people were stabbed and 49 others were arrested in Edmonton when fans celebrating an Oilers playoff victory turned violent. (Last updated Sat, 13 May 2006 19:31:43 EDT CBC News)

Immediately after this story broke, experts in hockey received calls from Canadian media asking for their comments on "what makes hockey fans go crazy and turn violent." Their only comment was that the violence in the streets of Edmonton had as much to do with hockey as the violence that erupted in the streets of Penticton several years ago during the Okanagan Peach Festival had to do with peaches. As you might expect, this response was followed by a polite: Thank you...click!

The point to this rather protracted introduction to an essay topic is that the Canadian media appear to have a penchant for "fanning the flames" when it comes to stories that link hockey to violence, whether or not it happens on or off the ice, and are always looking for ways to reinforce the stereotypical image of masculinity and testosterone gone awry-player or fan. Please write an essay on the myriad of issues addressed above. WARNING: There are as many opinions about "violence" in hockey as there are people in Canada! Thus, please do NOT write an essay summarizing Hockey Night in Canada Ch 8 regarding violence and then add your opinions on whether or not fighting should be allowed in hockey. Instead, think of ways to address the above without trying to draw a straight line between "fighting" and "violence". There are many ways to approach this, but it is important that you develope a solid thesis statement. If you chose, you can use a segue/hook like the one used at the beginning of this essay topic.

TIPS On Writing Argumentative/Critical Essays:

The opening paragraph of and argumentative/critical essay must contain your thesis.

Each subsequent paragraph needs to make a point that develops from that thesis, and these points

must be supported by evidence from your source material (whatever that material is). The points

should be positioned logically and effectively. For instance, if you analyze the relationship two

characters in a novel or the use of symbolism as a narrative device in your third paragraph, don*****t drop

it in paragraph four and then return to talk about it again in paragraph seven.

Points are not merely examples of your thesis. If that*****s all they are, then you end up with an

argument that has only one point and many examples, and that*****s not the same thing as a thesis that*****s

developed in a series of different points.

The final paragraph of your essay should be a conclusion, not a restatement of your thesis (or a

restatement of your argument).

Argue your point: don*****t retell the story. Provide enough narrative information so that your point

makes sense, and omit the rest. If you find yourself using narrative language, e.g., *****Then she takes

the children home,***** or *****He picks up the phone and discovers that it has been disconnected,***** or *****The

chief of police is a man named Homer Necessary,***** you*****re no longer making an argument ~ you*****ve

reverted to retelling the story.

Thinking and Writing Critically

Taken from Quick Access: Reference for *****s. Lynn Quitman Troyka. Prentice-Hall Canada Inc.

2000.

Thinking is not something you choose to do, any more than a fish *****chooses***** to live in water. To be

human is to think. But while the process of thinking may come naturally, awareness of how to think

does not. So, thinking about thinking is the key to critical thinking.

When you think critically, you take control of your conscious thought processes. Without such control,

you risk being controlled by the ideas of others. Indeed, critical thinking is at the heart of a liberal

(from the Latin word for free) education.

The word critical here has a neutral meaning. It does not mean taking a negative view or finding fault,

as when someone criticizes another person for doing something wrong. The essence of critical

thinking is thinking beyond the obvious, just as critical reading is reading beyond the literal level.

Critical thinking is a process of contemplation and deliberation. Within this process, it takes time to

progress from becoming fully aware of something, to reflecting on it, to reacting to it. You use this

sequence often in your life, as when you learn a new job and then evaluate the job itself as well as

your ability to do the work.

The general process of critical thinking, as it is applied in academic settings, is described below. This

process also applies to reading critically and writing critically.

A crucial distinction in critical thinking, critical reading, and critical writing resides in the differences

between summary and synthesis.

Summary comes before synthesis. To summarize is to extract the main message or central point of a

passage. A summary does not include supporting evidence or details. It is the gist, the hub, the seed

of what the author is saying; it is not your reaction to it. Most people summarize informally in

conversation (and more formally in speech).

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1. Analyze: Consider the whole and then break it into its component parts so that you can

examine them separately. By seeing them as distinct units, you can come to understand how

they interrelate.

2. Summarize: Extract and restate the material*****s main message or central point at the literal level.

3. Interpret: Read *****between the lines***** to make inferences about the unstated assumptions

implied by the material. Also evaluate the material for its underlying currents as conveyed by

tone, slant, and clarity of distinctions between fact and opinion; by the quality of evidence; and

by the rigour of its reasoning and logic.

4. Synthesize: Pull together what you have summarized, analyzed, and interpreted to connect it

to what you already know (your prior knowledge) or what you are currently learning. Find links

that help you grasp the new material to create a new whole, one that reflects your ability to see

and explain relationships among ideas.

5. Access critically: Judge the quality of the material on its own and as it holds up in your

synthesis of it with related material.

To synthesize is to weave together ideas from more than one source; to connect ideas from one or

more sources to what you already know from what you have read, listened to, and experienced; to

create a new whole that is your own as a result of your thinking about diverse yet related ideas. Many

techniques can help that thinking along. When you synthesize unconsciously, your mind connects

ideas by thought processes mirrored in the rhetorical strategies discussed.

To synthesize deliberately, consciously apply rhetorical strategies to the material. For example:

# Compare ideas in sources.

# Contrast ideas in sources.

# Create definitions that combine and extend definitions in individual sources.

# Apply examples or descriptions from one source to illustrate ideas in another.

# Find causes and/or effects or other processes described in one source that explain

another.

Unsynthesized ideas and information are like separate spools of thread, neatly lined up, possibly

coordinated, but not integrated. Synthesized ideas and information become threads woven into a

tapestry that creates a new whole. Synthesizing is the core of critical thinking. Synthesis is the

evidence of your ability to tie ideas together in the tapestry of what you learn and know and

experience. Put another way. Synthesis provides the proof that the *****light is on.*****

Alert: *****Synthesis by summary***** *****“ a mere listing of who said what about a topic *****“ is not true synthesis.

It does not create a new connection among ideas.

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Style (S-)

1. Always use the present tense when talking about a book, play or movie.

2. A broad, blanket-statement opening sentence like *****War is the most destructive force known to

humans***** or *****Shakespeare was the greatest of dramatists***** is nothing but filler. In papers of this

length, get right to the your subject; the leaner your opening statement is, the better. Similarly,

don*****t announce what you plan to do in the paper or how you plan to do it ~ just do it. A thesis

statement is not a declaration of your agenda; it*****s the premise of your paper.

3. Avoid using the passive voice. It*****s usually confusing and tends to make your sentence heavy

and awkward. *****Happy is told that his father had the wrong dreams***** is puzzling to readers: we

want to know who told him.

4. Avoid using the second person (*****you*****), which is too informal, and the third party (*****one*****) which is

too stiff. There are other ways to express the same idea: try using the first person plural

(*****we/us*****).

5. Avoid breaking up a subject-verb construction with a comma. Instead of the awkward *****We,

therefore, know,***** try *****We know, therefore . . .*****

6. Avoid rhetorical questions. They tend to make a ***** sound smug because they imply that you

know all the answers.

7. Avoid using *****this***** or *****that***** as a demonstrative pronoun; it always makes a sentence more

vague than it need be. Instead, use them as demonstrative adjectives and supply a noun for

them (*****this idea,***** *****that stipulation,***** etc.)

Vague sentence: This weakened his argument.

Precise sentence: This statement weakened his argument.

8. Repetition weakens an argument. So does redundancy. The following are common

redundant phrases: *****throughout the entire movie,***** *****anger and rage,***** *****power and control.*****

9. It*****s fine ~ even effective ~ to use simple sentences for emphasis, but don*****t overdo it. Too many

short, basic sentences in one paragraph make for choppy, disjointed reading and give the

impression that the ***** isn*****t capable of more sophisticated thought. Combine some of those

simple sentences to construct a more complex one.

10. Try to keep yourself (the first person singular) out of your paper. This precept may sound

impersonal and overly formal, but avoiding *****I***** and *****me***** can prevent a lot of awkwardness and

rambling, and expressing your feelings about what you*****ve read or seen isn*****t the same as

expressing an opinion ~ it*****s usually inappropriate in an argumentative essay. And your opinion

is implied without your drawing attention to the fact that*****s it*****s your opinion, because in an essay

signed by you, who else*****s could it be?

11. Use pronouns whenever possible and appropriate. It can drive a reader crazy to read the same

nouns and proper nouns over and over (*****Macbeth imagined he saw a dagger in the air and the

dagger reminded Macbeth that Macbeth had sworn to kill Duncan with a dagger*****).

12. Avoid using the noun *****thing***** (or *****something*****). It doesn*****t identify clearly enough the object or

quality you*****re trying to get at.

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13. Link your sentences with connectors like *****but,***** *****however,***** and *****therefore,***** or connective

phrases like *****on the other hand***** and *****as well.***** Otherwise sentences that you mean to follow

one another in a logical sequence may seem disparate and you*****re likely to end up with a

non sequitur (a statement that doesn*****t follow logically from one that precedes it). N.B. Overuse

of these connectors can lead to the *****ping-pong***** effect ~ your reader is bounced back and

forth between so many new points that the original idea is long forgotten. Also, avoid using

these connectors and connective phrases to begin paragraphs. Use transition sentences at the

end of one paragraph to set up the one to follow.

14. Avoid split infinitives and other split verbs. In almost all cases, and adverb that interrupts a verb

can be moved to a different place in the sentence, e.g., *****to finally arrive home***** reads better as*****

finally to arrive home***** or *****to arrive home, finally.*****

15. Avoid clichés as much as possible; they make your writing sludgy and predictable. That*****s

equally true of popular expressions like *****up front,***** *****in denial,***** *****bring closure to,***** etc. *****Incredible*****

and *****unbelievable***** are dull, vague, inexpressive adjectives unless you mean them literally, and

*****depressing***** is a misleading way of saying *****downbeat***** or *****sad***** or *****moving.*****

16. For similar reasons, avoid obscenity and other kinds of slang unless you*****re quoting a line or

you*****re absolutely sure that this is the most effective way to make your point. I*****m certainly not

puritanical; I think obscenity spices up spoken discourse. But slang of any kind is rarely an

asset in an argumentative essay. That*****s because written English is always more formal than

spoken English. So phrases that are not strictly correct but universally understood in speech

don*****t get by on the page. For example, *****mad***** means *****insane,***** not *****angry,***** and *****fun***** is a noun,

not an adjective, so you can*****t write, *****It was a fun experience.*****

17. Try to avoid archaic phrases and unwieldy diction. *****Angry***** is a whole lot better than *****angered,*****

*****comedic***** is just a fancy way of saying *****comic***** (you*****d never write *****tragedic!*****), and *****utilize*****

always sounds to me like something you*****d buy in a hardware store. *****That which would have

made her happy***** is awkward; *****what would have made her happy***** is much cleaner. And there

are usually better ways to introduce a quote besides *****she states,***** *****he says,***** *****she tells,***** or *****he

continues.***** Think of all the descriptive synonyms the English language provides for *****say.*****

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Grammar (G-)

1. Colons and semi-colons cannot be used interchangeably. Colons are used to introduce

material (a quotation or an idea or a list). Semi-colons are used within lists or to connect

separate ideas in a single sentence. A sentence that employs a comma instead of a semi-colon

to connect separate ideas is a run-on sentence.

Run-on sentence: Beth was unhappy at home, she wanted to assert her

independence but her father prevented her from doing so.

Acceptable sentence: Beth was unhappy at home; she wanted to assert her

independence but her father prevented her from doing so.

2. A connector like *****and,***** *****but,***** *****or,***** *****that,***** or *****yet***** is not followed by a comma.

3. The terms *****i.e.***** and *****e.g.***** mean very different things: *****e.g.***** means *****for example,***** and *****i.e.*****

means *****that is.***** Either one is always followed by a comma.

4. Don*****t use a hyphen (one-) when you want a dash (two -- ), or if you must, at least leave a space

before and after. When you write a sentence like *****Hamlet-and not Laertes-is the character we

admire,***** you*****ve actually invented two new words: *****Hamlet-and***** and *****Laertes-is.*****

5. Be careful how you use the word *****because*****: the phrase that follows it needs to be the cause of

the phrase that precedes it. This is a cause/effect problem, and I usually denote it papers with

*****C/E.***** (See The Shubert Code.)

6. When you are writing in the past tense and want to refer to an action that happened earlier, the

correct tense is the pluperfect, e.g., *****He told his wife that he had written to his brother. That*****s

a construction everyone is familiar with. But remember that when you write about a play or a

movie, you*****re writing in the present tense and so an action that happened earlier must be

placed in the past tense.

Incorrect sentence: He tells his wife that he had written to his brother.

Correct sentence: He tells his wife that he wrote (or has written) to her brother.

7. When the subject of a phrase is followed directly by a verb, they are not separated by a

comma. So *****The Captain of the ship ordered his crew to man the hatches***** is correct but *****The

Captain of the ship, ordered his crew . . .*****is not. Similarly, a comma cannot separate a verb

from its object (or objective completion). So *****He is the first one to arrive***** is correct but *****He is,

the first to arrive***** is not. And there is no comma between a possessive and its object: William

Shakespeare*****s Hamlet,***** not *****William Shakespeare*****s, Hamlet.

8. Apostrophes are used only for possessives and contractions ( don*****t, didn*****t they*****re, etc.). They

cannot be used for plurals. Therefore:

Incorrect sentence: His sister*****s came over for coffee.

Correct sentence: His sisters came over for coffee.

Incorrect sentence: His sisters boy friend came too.

Correct sentence: His sister*****s boy friend came too.

If the word is both plural and possessive, then the apostrophe follows the *****˜s*****:

Incorrect sentence: Her two son*****s birthdays are both in February.

Correct sentence: Her two sons***** birthdays are both in February.

9. The only exception to the possessives rule is *****its,***** which is a possessive without an

apostrophe. We make this exception in order to distinguish *****its***** from *****it*****s,***** a contraction that

means *****it is.***** This is an oft made mistake in students***** papers.

6

10. A dangling modifier is a phrase that is meant to modify a noun, usually the subject of a

sentence, but fails to do its job. For example, in the sentence, *****Having worked in this office for

ten years, it seems to me that I deserve more respect,***** the modifying phrase *****having worked in

this office for ten years***** is actually modifying *****it***** ~ though of course *****it***** hasn*****t worked in this

office for ten years. There are two ways to fix this sentence. You could alter the modifying

phrase to read (for example), *****Since I have worked in this office for ten years,***** or you could

modify the main clause to read ( for example), ***** I deserve more respect, it seems to me.*****

11. Make sure that your verb agrees with your subject and that all subsequent references to that

subject are also in agreement with it. A compound subject (e.g., two subjects linked with *****and*****)

is plural and requires the appropriate verb form. *****One,***** *****each,***** *****each one,***** *****someone,*****

*****everyone,***** *****anyone***** and *****no one***** are all singular subjects; they can*****t be referred to later on in

the sentence as *****they,***** *****them,***** or *****their,***** and they require the appropriate verb form.

Incorrect sentence: Everyone likes to take their time.

Correct sentence: Everyone likes to take his or her time.

Preferable sentence: Everyone likes to take time.

12. As the subject or object of a dependant clause, *****that***** is correct only when the antecedent is not

human, e.g., *****the exam that I passed.***** (It*****s even better ~ more succinct ~ if you can eliminate

*****that***** altogether, e.g., *****the exam I passed.*****) If the antecedent is a person, however, you must

use either *****who***** (for the subject of the clause) or *****whom***** (for the object of the clause). *****Who*****

and *****whom***** cannot be used interchangeably: *****the woman who loves me***** but *****the woman

whom I love.*****

13. Colloquially, we often use *****how***** to mean *****that,***** but in writing we need to be more precise: only

use *****how***** if you mean literally, *****in what way.***** So there*****s nothing wrong with the sentence, *****He

told me how he*****d persuaded her to give him the money,***** but *****He told me how he used to be a

lifeguard***** is incorrect. It should read, *****He told me that he used to be a lifeguard.***** Also, *****an

example of is insensitivity is when he boasts about his sexual conquests***** is grammatically

incorrect because an example can*****t be when.

14. Always distinguish between a pronoun that operates as a subject of a clause and a pronoun

that operates as an object. *****Our host poured coffee for she and I***** doesn*****t make grammatical

sense, because *****she***** and *****I***** are subjective, not objective pronouns. The sentence should read,

*****Our host poured coffee for her and me.*****

15. Commas are often used to set off a word or phrase in the middle of a sentence that is

supplementary to it, e.g., *****She didn*****t believe him, however, and went along her merry way***** or

*****The first rule of thumb, should you find yourself stranded on a highway late at night, is not

to panic. Make sure that you provide both commas in this case ~ one before and one after.

16. Some commonly used prepositional phrases are grammatically incorrect. *****In the beginning of

the movie***** is incorrect; you want at the beginning of the movie.***** (On the other hand, *****in the

beginning sequences of the movie***** is just fine.) We are concerned about people and paranoid

about the future, not concerned or paranoid of them. And since *****off***** is a preposition and

therefore takes a direct object, *****Please take that picture off of my door***** is incorrect; the

sentence should read, *****Please that that picture off my door.***** The correct word is *****recurring,*****

not *****reoccurring*****; *****prophesies.***** Not *****prophesizes.*****

17. If you use a participle as a noun (that is, a gerund), then it must be treated grammatically as a

noun, not as a verb. Therefore *****she feared him coming***** is incorrect, because *****coming***** is a

noun and the object of the verb *****feared*****; the correct phrase would be *****she feared his coming.*****

When this construction becomes awkward (e.g., *****He awaited his friend*****s coming*****), you*****re better

off rephrasing (*****He awaited his friend*****s arrival*****).

7

Quotations (Q-)

1. Use a quotation from the text to back up your point, not to repeat it. And avoid using quotes to

prove plot details: they don*****t need to be proven.

2. Unless you wish to emphasize it, incorporate a single-line passage from a poem, play, novel,

etc., within quotation marks, as part of your sentence, e.g.,

Biff begs his father to *****burn that phony dream before it*****s too late*****

or

Biff begs his father, *****Why don*****t you burn that phony dream before it*****s too late?*****

3. For longer quotations, or quotations you wish to give special emphasis to, block-indent. Set

them apart from the text, no more that two or three lines from the text above and no more

than two or three lines from the text below, five spaces from each margin. When you blockindent

a quotation, single-space and do not enclose it in quotation marks.

4. For quoting verse only: If you incorporate the quotation within your sentence, use a slash to

separate the lines, e.g.,

Here Romeo speaks the famous lines: *****It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. / Arise,

fair sun, and kill the envious room . . .*****

If you block-indent the quote, you must preserve the original spacing of the

verse, e.g.,

It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.

Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon . . .

5. No quotation can stand on its own as a separate sentence; it must be introduced. Use a colon

(not a semi-colon) if you introduce the quoted passage with a complete sentence, e.g.,

Biff warns Happy not to pursue the same ideals as their father did: *****He had the

wrong dreams. All, all wrong.*****

6. When you quote a complete sentence, you must capitalize the beginning of the quote and

introduce it with a comma or a colon, depending on the context, e.g.,

At the end of Death of a Salesman, Linda says, *****We*****re free and clear.*****

or

At the end of Death of a Salesman, Linda addresses her husband*****s grave: *****We*****re

free and clear.*****

7. However, if you*****re quoting a phrase to complete your own sentence, eliminate the comma and

don*****t capitalize the beginning of the phrase, e.g.,

At the end of Death of a Salesman, Linda says that she is *****free and clear.*****

or

The Stage Manager in Our Town makes the point that *****people were meant to go

through life two by two.*****

8

8. Commas and periods are always set inside quotation marks, no matter how illogical it may

seem. Other punctuation is set outside quotation marks if it*****s yours, inside if it*****s the author*****s,

e.g.,

The old pop song asks the question, *****Why do fools fall in love?*****

But

Why does Long Day*****s Journey into Night end with the line, *****Then I married James

Tyrone and was so happy for a time*****?

9. When you*****re quoting a line from a text, make sure that it makes sense out of context ~ that the

antecedents of any pronouns in the quoted passage are clear to a reader, and that everything

in the quote is self-explanatory or immediately comprehensible because you*****ve clarified it

elsewhere.

10. A quoted passage is only effective if it is self-contained and truly illuminates something in your

argument. There is no point in quoting a line like *****It*****s true!***** or *****What did you expect?***** out of

context; it only baffles the reader. And there*****s no point in quoting a phrase that is banal

and not distinctive, like *****Shut the door***** or *****what you want me to do.***** (I generally denote this

problem in your essays with NQ. See The Shubert Code.)

11. There*****s no point in quoting a long passage from a text when only a small part of it is relevant

your argument. If you quote a long passage, you need to justify the length by annotating it, i.e.,

providing a detailed explication.

12. Use square brackets ( [ and ] ) ~ not parentheses [ ( and ) ] ~ to mark your own editorial

insertions within quotations, e.g.,

Biff explains to Happy, *****[Willy] had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong.*****

You can only use parentheses within a quote if the parenthetical statement belongs

to the ***** you*****re quoting.

13. When you leave out a section of a passage you are quoting, use an ellipsis (three dots) to

indicate that you*****re omitting something.

14. Quotation marks belong around words and phrases only. They cannot be used for emphasis.

15. If a quotation is self-explanatory, it doesn*****t need to explicated or reiterated in your own words.

On the other hand, lengthy quotes are only appropriate in a paper if you do plan to explicate

them in some way. Be wary of quoting too much; remember that you ~ not Shakespeare or

O*****Neil ~ are writing the paper.

16. A quotation is the exact words of a source enclosed in quotation marks. You face conflicting

demands when you add quotations to your writing. Although quotations provide support for your

contentions, you can lose control of your paper if you add too many. You want your writing to

be coherent and readable, so use quotations sparingly. If more than one-quarter of your paper

consists of quotations or paraphrases, you*****ve probably written what some people call a

*****Scotch-tape special.***** Depending too heavily on quotation gives your readers *****“ including

your instructor *****“ the impression that you haven*****t bothered to develop your own thinking and are

letting other people do your talking.

17. Here are some basic guidelines for using quotations:

Use quotations from authorities on your subject to support or refute what you have written.

Never use a quotation to present your thesis statement or a topic sentence.

Select quotations that fit your message. Choose a quotation only when

9

Its language is particularly appropriate and distinctive

Its idea is particularly hard to paraphrase accurately

The source*****s authority is especially important to support your thesis or main point

The source*****s words are open to interpretation

Never compose more than one-quarter of your paper from quotations. Instead, rely on

paraphrasing and summary. Again, be careful not to overdo these either.

Quote accurately. Always check a quotation against the original source *****“ and then recheck it.

Avoid plagiarism.

Document quotations carefully.

Unless you incorporate quotations in your own writing skillfully, you may end up with

incoherent, choppy sentences. You can avoid this problem by making the words you quote fit

smoothly with three aspects of your writing: (1) grammar, (2) style, and (3) logic. After writing a

sentence that contains a quotation, read it aloud to hear whether that language flows smoothly

and gracefully. If it doesn*****t, revise the sentence. Here are some examples of sentences that

don*****t mesh well with quotations, followed by a revised version.

ORIGINAL MATERIAL: These two minds, the emotional and the rational, operate in tight

harmony for the most part, intertwining their very different ways of knowing to guide us through

the world. SOURCE: Goleman, Daniel. Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam, 1995.9.

[These are Goleman*****s exact words.]

Incorrect sentence: Goleman explains how the emotional and rational minds

*****intertwining their very different ways of knowing to guide us through the world***** (9).

[Incoherent grammar]

Incorrect sentence: Goleman explains how *****intertwining their very different ways of

knowing to guide us through the world,***** the emotional and rational minds work

together (9). [Incoherent style *****“ Inverted word order]

Incorrect sentence: Goleman explains how the emotional and rational minds work

together by *****their very different ways of knowing to guide us through the world***** (9).

[Incoherent logic]

Correct sentence: Goleman explains how the emotional and rational minds work

together by *****intertwining their very different ways of knowing to guide us through the

world***** (9).

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Procedure (P-)

1. Titles for essays should provide more information than *****Assignment #2,***** or *****Major Paper,***** etc.

This only provides information that is already know and is not, to say the least, very

imaginative. Titles are the first thing your reader sees and should therefore have some

information embedded in them reflecting your thesis statement.

2. Titles of books, plays, movies, newspapers, magazines are either underlined or italicized, not

placed in quotation marks. This is a very common mistake.

3. Please number your pages. It makes it much easier for me to refer to passages in your

papers in my final comments and to locate passages I may want to look at again.

4. You can avoid the confusion about whether to refer to *****the reader***** or *****the audience,***** as well as

excess verbiage, by just substituting the first person plural pronoun (*****we***** or *****us***** ), e.g., *****Orson

Wells shows us Kane*****s mansion in the opening scene.*****

5. Remember: this is an argumentative essay, not a review of a book(s), article(s), etc. Avoid

either praising the author(s) or complaining about his, her, or their work.

6. Edit your paper carefully before handing it in. If you give it to someone else to type, edit it

after he or she has finished typing it as well as before.

7. Make sure you spell titles and the names of authors, playwrights, characters, etc.,

correctly. It*****s your responsibility to double-check to see that you*****re not making spelling errors.

8. It isn*****t necessary to define a term we all understand; you can assume some intelligence and

experience in your reader. However, you can*****t assume that your reader has just finished

reading a specific reference you may be using outside the course literature. If you are making a

point or argument that*****s dependent on an understanding of something that*****s not self-evident,

then it needs to be explained, succinctly. A paper that*****s littered with unexplained references

reads as if it were written in code. It*****s simply good writing to make your allusions clear.

11

Documentation (D-)

1. The most frequently used documentation style in the humanities has been developed by the

Modern Languages Association (MLA). In MLA style, you*****re expected to document your

sources in two separate, equally important ways:

Within the body of the paper, use in-text citations, as described below.

At the end of the paper, provide a list of sources you used in your paper. Title this list Works

Cited, as described below.

2. In-text citations are information included in the sentences or in parenthetical references within

the paper. They both signal material used from outside sources and enable readers to locate

the original sources.

3. In most in-text citations, a name or a title usually identifies a source, and page numbers usually

show the exact location in that source. In general, put page number information in parentheses

at the end of a quotation, paraphrase, or summary. Try to introduce names of authors and titles

of sources in your own sentences, where they become part of the flow of your writing. If that

isn*****t possible, put the information in parentheses at the end of a quotation, paraphrase, or

summary.

4. Before trying to integrate sources into your writing, you need to analyze and synthesize your

material. ANALYSIS is the process of breaking ideas down into their component parts, so that

you can think them through separately. Do this while reading and reviewing your notes.

SYTNTHESIS is the process of making connections among different ideas, seeking

relationships that tie them together.

5. Your paper can be successful only if it reflects your personal synthesis of the ideas you are

dealing with. The major requirement of an argumentative essay is to demonstrate your ability to

think well. Never simply list or summarize separate ideas. Use either quotations, paraphrasing,

or summary to present your synthesis of the material you have read. Remember, however, that

excessive use of quotes and especially paraphrasing does not enable your essay to reflect your

personal synthesis. Quotes and paraphrasing that are strung together will be denoted in your

papers with SQT or SPT. See The Shubert Code.

6. Here are some examples of citations of paraphrases:

People from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distance from each other (Morris

131). [name and page number cited in parentheses]

Desmond Morris notes that people from the Mediterranean prefer and elbow-to-shoulder

distance from each other (131). [name cited in text, page number cited in parentheses]

A parenthetical reference belongs at the end of the material it refers to, usually at the end of a

sentence. If you*****re citing a quotation enclosed in quotation marks, place the parentheses after

the closing quotation mark but before sentence-ending punctuation:

Binkley claims that artificial light reduced SAD-related *****depression in 87 percent of patients . .

. within a few days; relapses followed***** (203-04) when light treatment ended.

Research shows that *****the number, rate, and direction of time-zone changes are the critical

factors in determining the extent and degree of jet lag symptoms***** (Coleman 67).

7. Place a parenthetical reference for a long quotation (one you set off from your own sentences

with indentation) outside the punctuation ending the last sentence.

8. There are many different guidelines for citing specific types of material, all of which are covered

in detail in Quick Access: Second Canadian Edition by Lynn Quitman Troyka. It is highly

recommended that you purchase this book, especially if you don*****t already own a similar

resource. *****