Research Paper on "Stem Cells and Treatment of Leukemia"

Quoted Instructions for "Stem Cells and Treatment of Leukemia" Assignment:

I need to write *****"literature review*****" for nursing research class. Instructor gave recommended steps to write this paper. Please review them before you started to write the paper. I also have picked 4 articles, but not sure if they are good enough. My paper will be about treatment of leukemia with stem cells. If you have better articles feel free to use them and send them to me. Thank you very much for your help.

RECOMMENDED STEPS FOR WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW

- Identify the major ideas/concepts that are related to the problem statement and research question.

- List the concepts either in descending order of importance or in terms of a logical presentation. Determine whether one concept needs to be understood before another one can be introduced.

- Prepare an outline using the major concepts as major headings. The time put into the outline at this stage will save time later and increase the chances of having an organized literature review. The outline does not have to be extremely detailed to be useful.

- Divide each major heading into logical subheadings, if applicable. The need for further differentiation is determined by the problem. More complex problems require more subheadings.

- In a sentence or two, summarize the major findings of each study. Include complete reference citations.

- Write an introductory paragraph explaining the significance of the two or three major concepts.

- At the end of each section, summarize the findings for each group of studies. Write a paragraph at the end of each major concept or topic that summarizes the key points, supports the cohesiveness of the subheadings, and establishes the relevance of the proposed problem.

- Compile the entire literature review and scan it for coherence, continuity, and smoothness of transition from one topic to the next. Carefully check each citation for accuracy.

OUTLINING THE LITERATURE REVIEW

Research Question: What are the smoking behaviors of women after being diagnosed with lung cancer?

First Stage Outline: Identify concepts that provide the rationale for the study.

Smoking is related to lung cancer.

Smoking behaviors are associated with sociodemographic variables.

Second Stage Outline: Develop subheadings for each major concept.

I. Smoking is related to lung cancer.

A. Incidence of women who smoke.

B. Gender-specific differences in smoking.

II. Smoking behaviors are associated with sociodemographic variables.

A. Relationship of smoking behaviors among women of color and ethnic background.

B. Relationship of smoking behaviors of women in young, middle, and older adulthood.

Third Stage Outline: Add most important references that support each subheading.

I. Smoking is related to lung cancer.

A. The percentage of women who smoke has decreased from 33% in 1974 to 29% in 1990. However, the rate of decline is slower in women than men, and women are smoking at an increasingly earlier age (Centers for Disease Control, 1993; Grit, 1993; USDHHS, 1989). Even a family history of lung cancer does not deter some women from smoking (Horrowit, Smaldone, & Viscoli, 1988).

B. Investigations of gender-specific differences in smoking and quitting behaviors suggest that women have more difficulty quitting (Blake, et al., 1989; Grit, 1992; Novotony, et al., 1990; Orlandi, 1987). Women are more likely than men to have tried to quit or to have actually quit after diagnosis of lung cancer (Grit, Nisenbaum, Elashoff, & Holmes, 1991).

II. Smoking behaviors are associated with sociodemographic variables.

A. In an analysis of smoking patterns of white, Hispanic, and black men and women with cancer, white women were noted to have the highest smoking prevalence (26% of current smokers) (Spit, et al., 1990).

B. Continued smoking was reported most frequently in women ages 20 to 34 years and less frequently in women ages 65 years and older. Middle-aged women (45 to 65 years) however, smoked the most cigarettes per day.

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