Term Paper on "Start Off With an Introductory"

Term Paper 10 pages (4948 words) Sources: 1+

[EXCERPT] . . . .

start off with an introductory section defining as to what is meant by cloning, background information on cloning, and its relevance to the field of business, timeline and history of cloning and the different types of cloning and how they work. Till the recent past, there was no significant ethical, social or legal debate about human cloning, but the emergence of Dolly revolutionized the entire environment. The U.S. Government has categorically stated that it is not going to spend the funds of tax payers towards research and performance of human cloning. Cloning will therefore become a private enterprise and it is expected to have a very high competition among the various companies. The lawmakers all over the country are struggling to find out the structure of laws on cloning both at the federal and state levels. Cloning also generates many ethical and scientific issues. The private companies have been indicated to exert regulation over what some are naming as the ultimate human frontier, the design and manufacture of human embryos, cells, tissues and organs. The consequence is that it is quite open for commercial use of embryos and research on stem cells. The Catholic Church and the supporters of the right-to-life dictum advocates that application of embryos to reap the stem cells would imply killing the life of human being and therefore the strategy is required to be stopped. The ethical issues are still prevalent in case of the infertile, gay and lesbian couples also who desire to have a baby with an intension of love and compassion. Cloning makes the couples unable to bear children finds it possible to have children of their own. However, the infertility treatment presently is successful only to the tune of 10% and cloning may result in multiple miscarriages in the birth mother. The couples may find themselves with nothing after expenditure of thousands of dollars except physical, financial and emotional sufferings. It is presently worth considering the future commercial trend of cloning the possibility of it emerging to be a big business. It is worth considering the future commercial trend of cloning the possibility of it emerging to be a big business. Also there is the necessity for a code of ethics for the companies involved in this area. To conclude, cloning is certainly an intensively responsive issue that required meticulous dealing.

Cloning

1. Introductory Section

Describe Cloning; Narrow action or practice of cloning; background information:

Prior to delving in to the complicacies of cloning and the way it is performed; a real dictionary meaning of cloning must be presented so as to avoid any sort of puzzlement that may arise later on. A clone is indicated to be a collection of the reproduced progeny without involving in the fusion of gametes of an individual along with the growth of an individual from a single somatic cell of its parent which is genetically similar to it. Simply it can be expressed as an 'asexually reproduced offspring who has the same genetic information as another organism or organisms'. (Cloning: Controversial Science) the organisms that are involved in cloning of themselves incorporate 'bacteria, most unicellular organisms, plants, algae, fungi along with many invertebrates'. (Cloning: Controversial Science)

Till the recent past, there was no significant ethical, social or legal debate about human cloning by means of nuclear transplantation, as the scientific accord about such an approach was considered as a biological impossibility. The emergence of Dolly revolutionized the entire environment. (Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning) the publication of the astounding report by Ian Wilmut and his associates at the Roslin Institute in Scotland about the cloning of a lamb out of the cells of a mature sheep was considered significant since it was remembered to be the first effective effort in cloning a mature mammal, which generated an exact physical replica of the adult animal. Of course the advent of Dolly brought the consciousness that cloning humans from the tissues of adults is feasible to be accomplished any moment within a decade from now. The information about the emergence of Dolly therefore gave rise to a hot debate on the scientific, moral and ethical concerns around the prospects of human cloning. (Opposing Viewpoints Live Radio for Television: Overview and Background on Cloning) However, irrespective of the fact that the possibility of human cloning presently seems quite imminent the reality is that it is still is expected to take considerable amount of time for its extensive application. (Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning)

Cloning and relevance to business:

The economic aspect more applicable to the concern of human cloning is associated with scarcity. Scarcity indicates the availability of limited resources for production purposes in comparison to the existing demand for the products and services. Since cloning involves application of a great deal of emerging technology and people are required to be highly skilled and education is required so as to adopt the procedure, there may not be a lot of companies to offer such service. Irrespective of the fact that a majority of the people is presently against cloning, it is presumed by the private companies that once cloning is begun to be performed safely and definitely and would be legal, there will be a great demand for it. The demand blended with the scarcity of the service is expected by the private companies to give rise to the cost escalation. Taking into consideration the present reproductive technologies, like in vitro fertilization, it is anticipated that the cost of clone will be about $250,000. (Economic Analysis)

The U.S. Government has categorically stated that it is not going to spend the funds of tax payers towards research and performance of human cloning. Cloning will therefore become a private enterprise and it is expected to have a very high competition among the various companies. These private companies would rival against each other to emerge successful with the technology so that they can brand it and generate the highest possible profit. Moreover, as the branding of new technology is associated with the requirement of a highly skilled people, only a few companies will attempt to thrive in the business relating to cloning. The few companies engaged in the performance of cloning will give rise to the competition. This however is expected to decline with the availability of more efficient and cheaper technology entailing scope to provide more service. (Economic Analysis)

Timeline and history of cloning:

The biologist John Gurdon of Oxford University declared during 1962 that he had applied the nucleus of completely varied intestinal cells of adults to clone the South African frogs. The outcome of the experiments of Gurdon created sensation among the scientific community, however some scientists continued to be cynical and started to find faults in his work. The British biologist J.B.S. Haldane in 1963 is praised to have coined the term 'clone' in a speech captioned 'Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten-Thousand Years'. Marshall Niremberg, Heirnich Mathaei, and Severo Ochoa was able to crack the genetic code in 1966 that paved the way for further analysis on genetic engineering studies and achievements starting in the late 1970s. The enzyme DNA legase was separated in 1967 that could go a long way in creation of the first recombinant DNA molecules in 1972. (History of Cloning)

James Shapiero of Harvard University along with Jonathan Beckwith claimed in 1969 to have isolated the first gene. Such accomplishment enhanced the concern of public on the increasing power of the biologists. Both Howard Temin and David Baltimore could isolate the first restriction enzyme during 1970 that gave rise to future maneuvering of DNA. Paul Berg of Stanford University generated the first recombinant DNA molecules by integrating the DNA of two different organisms in 1972. The first recombinant DNA organism was generated with the application of recombinant DNA techniques which was established a year earlier by Paul Berg. Karl Illmensee, the German-based developmental biologist along with Peter Hoppe at Jackson Laboratory in Maine, was able to produce mice by taking only one parent. During 1979, Karl Illmensee announced to have cloned three mice. Such announcements were just in the right time when the successive failures in cloning experimentations were convincing biologists about its near impossibility.

Kary B. Mullis devised the technique of polymerase chain reaction - PCR in 1983. With application of the technique, synthesis of above one billion copies became possible in a few matters of hours. Davor Solter, along with David McGrath tried to clone mice with application of his own version of the nuclear transfer method during 1983. The Danish scientist Steen Willadsen became successful in cloning a sheep from embryo cells during 1984. Steen Willadsen, could apply his cloning tools to generate the duplicate of the embryos of prize cattle in 1985. With application of differentiated, one-week-old embryo cells Steen Willadsen was able to clone a cow in 1986. In the same year, Neal First, Randal Prather, and Willard Eyestone, could clone a cow from early embryo cells.… READ MORE

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