Term Paper on "Spirit Lifts Us as a Cultural Anthropologist"

Term Paper 5 pages (1531 words) Sources: 1

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Spirit Lifts Us

As a cultural anthropologist, this author has become very familiar with the Lao Hmong. They are a very small minority southeast Asian minority group that has lived in the United States since the close of the Vietnam War. They immigrated to the United States from northern Laos. They also live in China, Burma and Thailand. However, the Hmong in the United States come primarily from Laos. In that country, they were self-sufficient on farms where they had a very labor intensive lifestyle.

They encountered American culture first during their involvement in the Vietnam War. Throughout the 1960s, the American Central Intelligence Agency recruited the Hmong and trained and armed their soldiers to help patrol the Ho Chi Min Trail and to prevent North Vietnamese incursions into Laos and South Vietnam in the areas that the Hmong lived in. Their American protection came to an abrupt end at the conclusion of the war in 1975. This left the Hmong people at the mercy of retribution from the Vietnamese and the now communist Pathet Lao central government who sought revenge for suffering caused by the American led Vietnam War (Fadden 124-9).

This situation became very desperate for the Hmong. Hundreds of thousands of them crossed the Laotian border into Thailand to escape this persecution. Of course, many died during this exodus. After their arrival in Thailand, they settled down in very large refugee camps where they began learning new languages and about Western society, in particular in the United States. By the 1980s, the United States had given them preferential refugee status. This prompted a sizable amount to immigrate to the United States. Their po

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pulation is growing in the United States (ibid 5).

The Hmong have their own language, although it exhibits many dialects. The main dialects which most of the United States Hmong speak is called red or green. To complicate matters, the Hmong language did not exist in written form until the late 1960's. It has very few medical terms. To deal with this, the Hmong (especially the older ones) speak in metaphors about medical issues. For this reason and to interpret the language, non-Hmong need some knowledge of the Hmong culture to understand what the Hmong are saying.

The Hmong have a very structured culture of clans. Much is determined by ancestral lineage and which traditional ceremonies are practiced. If two different families practice the same ceremony, they are probably descended from the same ancestor. Hmong families tend to be large and extended. This large family, extensions and all is considered to be one whole. Each of the clans has a leader who is usually the father. The mother has less respect. However, in the living arrangements that the Hmong are finding themselves in now, mothers are making more and more leadership decisions. This is especially so in younger Hmong families (ibid 227).

The elderly among the Hmong are the most respected members of the family. These elderly Hmong are consulted when decisions need to be made. They make discipline decisions with regard to younger children. The elderly stay with the families their entire lives. Primary clan decisions are made by the shamans or other clan leaders. In any case, the other shaman will help the clan leader make decisions. The Hmong have a number of religious beliefs that are native to their land. In addition, a large number have decided to become Christians.

Amongst the older Hmong (30 years of age or older), many have long-term effects from United States delivered chemicals such as "yellow rain" or other poisons or problems with internal parasitic worms and other diseases including tuberculosis, anemia, depression or some post traumatic stress syndrome (ibid 133). They have only been exposed to western medicine for the last few decades. Traditional Hmong see illness from a holistic perspective and perfect health is achieved by balancing the body and the spirit. These older Hmong may wee the causes as being spiritual, to include evil spirits or as they call them, dabs (ibid 4).

An ancestor may be unhappy. They may require animal sacrifices to appease them. In other words someone may have done something to offend the family's spirits or ancestors who may have cursed the family (ibid 96). Preventative treatment of disease was unknown in the old country and the older Hmong treat illness when it comes. The Hmong have traditional treatment types such as acupuncture. Many times they will not allow antibiotics because of the belief that it is not good to bring foreign material into the body (ibid 34). Surgery is rarely acceptable unless laboratory or other tests identify it. Immunization is not acceptable due to the idea that it is not good to put something in the body. Herbal medicine is widely practiced. Given the lack of verbal language and the description of disease in traditional Hmong descriptions, the BaFa game is helpful (ibid 271).

We will be discussing here between a particular encounter between a Hmong family and medical officials here in Merced as an example. The Lee's had a daughter with epileptic seizures. Due to their lack of English, they had trouble communicating with the doctors. As their daughter's condition worsened, they began to doubt the effectiveness of the treatment that their daughter was receiving, especially since Lia Lee has become brain damaged due to her illnesses. Their trip to the county hospital medical emergency room in Merced caused the chain of events that led to a cultural confrontation. The unfortunate illnesses, caused by the lack of communication between the parents and the medical officials caused the foster placement of Lia, causing great pain to the parents. The child's treatment regimen caused a cultural clash with the family's traditional beliefs about epilepsy. In their belief system, only the Shaman can deliver their child (ibid 93).

Unlike European immigrants who came to the United States to assimilate and become a part of American culture, the Hmong left Laos to escape the destruction of their culture and the decimation of it at the hand of the other Laos peoples and the Vietnamese.

The account of the Lees is one of the more extreme cases of course but not unique. How many times has the public heard of deeply religious individuals such as Jehovah's witnesses who refuse life saving blood transfusions. Such families are insular (ibid 80). The Hmong have their cultural issues like many other American families. They also have their share of conformists with the outside majority culture. Many of the younger Hmong accept the dictates of Western medicine as a matter of course, including modern views on birth control. The story of Mrs. Lee having 12 children by herself in Laos is not known here amongst the younger Hmong families with no immediate knowledge of Laos physically and whose cultural and other ties to the old country are tenuous.

While we can be empathetic with the Lees and can take into consideration their cultural wishes, there is a limit to this. There has to be a middle ground between cultural understanding and the saving of human life. Since the child is brain damaged and her ability to reach certain milestones in life are limited as a developmentally challenged patient, the medical community needs to be patient with the family. We know that Lia is a favorite child and is receiving the best and most loving care from the family. However, when it comes to the immediate threats to the child's life and health, there is only a certain amount that can be tolerated (ibid 55, 90, 110).

However, we can treat many of the medical issues that children and adults such as Lia have in a more holistic fashion, especially since many types of Oriental medicine such as acupuncture have now become widely accepted in… READ MORE

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Quoted Instructions for "Spirit Lifts Us as a Cultural Anthropologist" Assignment:

“

The following are the directions for the paper. There are two choices for the body of the paper, choose either one it doesn*****'t matter, but the conclusion has to be there.

The ***** Catches You and You Fall Down

Directions for the Paper

The sources for this paper are Fadiman*****'s book The ***** Catches You and You

and You Fall Down, and general information from lessons and the text (Lenkeit).

You do not need, and should not use, any other sources. This paper is not a book

review or a research paper.

Length/Other Requirements: This is a formal paper, and should be between 4

(absolute minimum) and 6 typewritten pages, double-spaced and with normal

margins. Your title should be at the top of the first page, and your name should be

in the upper right hand corner of the first page.

Your paper should be free of any grammatical or spelling errors. Your paper

should be informative, analytical, and include appropriate anthropological

concepts. It must contain specific examples and information on the Hmong, taken

from the ***** book. You will need this information to make your arguments sound

convincing, and also to demonstrate unequivocally to me that you have read the

book.

Points: This paper is worth 60 points.

Directions: You may choose either #1 or #2 below as the context to discuss the

book. Everyone must write on #3 as his or her concluding paragraph. Remember,

you are using the ***** Catches You as the basis of your information on the

Hmong, and you must clearly present information on their culture as provided by

Fadiman in her book. It is also a good idea to remember that you need to convince

me you understand the book as a whole. To answer either #1 or #2 requires you to

utilize information found in many different parts of the book; if your paper does

not reflect this, you will lose points.

***** Paper Directions 7/15/09 1:56 PM

file:///Users/millerg/Documents/Anth200/A200Unit2/SpiritPaperDirections.html Page 2 of 3

1. The year is 1988. Merced Community Medical Center has invited you, a cultural

anthropologist, to give a lecture to its staff. MCMC wants you to help improve its

cross-cultural sensitivity generally and its sensitivity to the Hmong in particular.

MCMC is aware of Lia*****'s case and wants to avoid a repetition in the future. As a

frame for your lecture, you need to use Fadiman*****'s contention that there is a

medical establishment culture, and a Hmong culture, and that what happened to

Lia was a case of cross-cultural misunderstanding. This would involve some

background on Hmong religious beliefs as they impact medical care. You also

need to put a *****"human*****" face on the Hmong (that means you should talk about Lia*****'s

case and her parents), and provide some specific suggestions to MCMC staff to

help them be more sensitive to all Hmong patients. You need to provide some

specific suggestions as to what they can do when treating Hmong patients. What

are you going to say? (You might, among other things, discuss the *****"eight

questions*****", and why/how the outcome of Lia*****'s case might have been different if

they had ever been asked. However, it is important that you include other

suggestions by Fadiman to the MCMC staff regarding specifically how to interact

with Hmong patients.)

2. The year is 1990. The majority of the Hmong who entered Merced in the 1980*****'s

are still on welfare. Many Merced taxpayers are angry and are lobbying the State

legislature to change the welfare system to remove all Hmong, (or any other

immigrant who has been in the US more than 5 years) from any welfare support. In

general, relationships between Hmong and non-Hmong in Merced are becoming

increasingly volatile, as there are also protests surrounding animal sacrifice,

chanting, and other practices of shamans in Hmong religion. You are a cultural

anthropologists living in Merced, and you want to help the community to be less

ethnocentric about the Hmong, and to learn more about Hmong culture.

Specifically, you want the people of Merced to understand Hmong religion and the

reason for the various rituals. (Use the rituals involving Lia, and perhaps Lia*****'s

case, as examples.) In addition, you need to present some of the various solutions

offered by Fadiman. You also want to persuade the people of Merced that even if

other immigrants should be cut off from welfare benefits after five years, an

exception should be made in the case of the Hmong. To do this, you will have to

explain the Hmong involvement in the Vietnam War, and why they are in the

United States at all. What are you going to say?

3. While your speech should have a concluding paragraph, I also want you to add

an additional concluding paragraph, as follows. In this final paragraph, briefly

provide your reaction to/opinion of the book. You may also indicate whether you

agree with your own *****"speech*****" or not.

In writing your paper (except for #3), you can/should be writing to and speaking to

your *****"audience*****" as defined in #1 and #2. You are simply writing out what could be

an actual speech.

CAUTION: This is NOT a book report. If you turn in a book report expect very few

points. If you quote directly from Fadiman, put in quotations, indent and single

***** Paper Directions 7/15/09 1:56 PM

file:///Users/millerg/Documents/Anth200/A200Unit2/SpiritPaperDirections.html Page 3 of 3

space if more than five lines, and provide the page number. If you plagiarize,

particularly from any other source, expect no points. There are many book reviews

of Fadiman*****'s book, most available on the Internet. Do not be tempted. I am not

looking for a book review in the first place, and in the second place I know all

these book reviews. Just read the book and write out your speech. That will get

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