Term Paper on "Schizophrenia Predisposing Factors Schizophrenia at Least"

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[EXCERPT] . . . .

Schizophrenia

Predisposing Factors

Schizophrenia at least in part involves genetic predisposing factors. Genetics have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia since the disease was first classified as a mental illness. Research into genetic factors also helped differentiate schizophrenia from the more general and misleading term dementia praecox, which was a term used first by Benjamin Morel in the mid-nineteenth century.

In 1908, Eugen Bleuler coined the term schizophrenia and elucidated most of the common symptoms of the illness. Bleuler's classification and his description of the symptoms of the disease including flattened affect remain valid. As early as 1916, schizophrenia was investigated for its genetic predisposing factors (Faraone, Taylor and Tsuang 2002). Before the Human Genome Project, however, most studies involved circumstantial factors such as investigating the prevalence of schizophrenia among monozygotic twins separated at birth.

Thus, genetics partly set the stage for the disorder. Individuals who develop schizophrenia most likely have a genetic predisposition toward the disease. Those who suffer from the disorder are more likely to have had an immediate family member who was also diagnosed with schizophrenia. Faraone, Taylor & Tsuang (2002) point out that "the approximate lifetime risks to first-degree relatives were estimated to be 6% for parents, 9% for siblings, 13% for offspring with one schizophrenic parent and 46% for offspring with two schizophrenic parents." The more distant the relationship the less likely a person is to have genetic predisposing factors. Clearly, having two schizophrenic p

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arents sets the genetic stage for the disease. Having one parent diagnosed with schizophrenia makes one more likely to suffer from the disorder than others too. However, having one or even both parents with schizophrenia does not automatically mean an individual will develop the disorder.

Environmental factors may also affect the disease etiology but environmental triggers are difficult to isolate in research. Research points more to genetic factors that predispose individuals toward developing the illness. In Finland, research into communities with high prevalence of the disease clarify possible genetic predisposing factors (Hovatta, Varilo, Suvisaari, Terwilliger, Ollikainen, Araj rvi, Juvonen, Kokko-Sahin, V is nen, Mannila, Lnnqvist & Peltonen 1999). Hovatta et al. (1999) were able to trace ancestry as far back as the seventeenth century to determine how strong the genetic causal factors for schizophrenia are in Finland. Genome scans make discovering genetic causes a valid and reliable source of research material, versus the more correlational studies that investigate environmental factors suspected in predisposing individuals toward developing schizophrenia.

However, research does point to issues like birth order in determining the etiology of the illness. Haukka, Suvisaari & Lnnqvist (2004) note that having a sibling who is five years older, or being the firstborn child elevates risk for developing the disease, whereas having siblings who are more than ten years older minimizes the risks for developing schizophrenia. Other causal factors are variable and no environmental factors seems more relevant than any other in triggering the onset of schizophrenia in persons predisposed to it genetically. Individuals who develop schizophrenia will almost always have a schizophrenic relative, even if no one in the family was officially diagnosed. Diagnostic measures affect research into disease etiology; several centuries ago a person with schizophrenia might simply have been labeled as "insane." Thus, the only individuals who will not develop the disease are those who have absolutely no genetic predisposition toward it unless genetic mutations are implicated. Faraone et al. (2002) note that genetic mutations do indeed play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. Other researchers point… READ MORE

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All of these questions MUST be answered for this paper.

Also, the main founders/pioneers (and the most popular) of this disorder must be the resources for this paper. It can have as many resources as needed as long as the main figures of this disorder are used as resources.

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Paper Guidelines:

A. Predisposing Factors

*Typically gentic, inherited, family factors.

* What sets the stage for the disorder?

*What predisposition was there for the disorder?

*What makes a person more likely to suffer from the disorder than others?

*What gender, class, age or stage of development is most susceptible for the disorder?

*Who is most vulnerable? Why?

*Why do some people seem more at risk?

*What contributes to the origins of the disorder?

*What is the etiology or the cause of the disorder?

*What is the basis for the disorder, or what sets the foundation for the disorder?

*What circumstances contribute to the problem occurring?

*How does it all start?

*Who doesn't get it and why?

B. Precipitating Factors

*What causes behavior to manifest itself?

*Why now? What triggers the behavior?

*What is responsible for increase or decrease in symptomology?

*What makes it apparent or appear?

*What is the antecedent to the onset of the disorder?

*What causes the behavior to surface?

*What is the dynamic responsible for its intensity, frequency, or duration?

*What mechanism causes it to become a problem? First it is dormant or you are predisposed, then it becomes apparent or obvious that there is a problem. What allows the behavior to become noticeable or obvious at this time?

*What brings it to a boil or to our attention?

*What makes the behavior a disorder?

*What starts the process going?

C. Perpetuating Factors

*What causes the behavior to continue?

*What makes the disorder persisit even following treatment or medication?

*Why is it so fixed or unyieding?

* What makes the symptoms maintain themselves despite all the interventions?

*What reasons might cause the behavior to go on long after the precipitating factors have ceased?

*Why does it not diminish?

*Why does it constantly appear or reappear?

*Sort of like spontaneous recover, It's Back!

*Why won't it go away for good?

*What purpose does the perpetuation of the disorder serve? That is, what does one get through reinforcement to maintain the disorder or the symptoms of the disorder?

D. Psychological Assessment

*What tests, or instruments measure the disorder?

*Differential Diagnosis, What is it?

*Co-morbidity. What is it?

*What psychologicial, physiological or clinical measures are used to distinguish the disorder from others?

*How do you assess or appraise individuals?

*What assessment instruments or psychological tests or measures would you use to determine that it is indeed the disorder that you claim it is?

*What clinical approach would you use to identify the disorder?

*How do you know that it is what you claim it is?

*How do you measure it?

*How do you know if it has improved?

E. Preferred Psychotherapy

* What type of therapy is best for this disorder?

* What does the literature say is the best way to approach treating the disorder?

*How do you mange the disorder?

*How do you prevent the disorder from reoccurring?

*How do you cure the disorder?

*What is the best method for changing, eliminating or influencing the cause of the disorder?

*What or when is the best time to intervene?

*What makes the symptoms decrease or end?

*What recommendations or suggestions would you make for a course of treatment or psychological intervention?

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