Term Paper on "Role and Importance of Effective Feedback"

Term Paper 20 pages (6404 words) Sources: 1+

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Role and Importance of Effective Feedback in Training

The objective of this study will be to identify the importance of feedback in training and to identify its role, that is, how it functions and what effect it has on training. In addition I intend to identify what the attributes of effective feedback are and the methods for giving effective feedback to trainees. These are all interrelated, and there are dependencies to consider. It is necessary to understand the role of feedback in training, whether that feedback is positive or negative in results, before its importance can be assessed. The attributes of effective feedback for training must be identified and defined before methods for delivering it can be devised.

The importance of this study is highlighted by the increase in training programs in industry and the public sector in response to the needs of employees and management. In today's fast paced and rapidly changing world. Learning has become a lifelong process as people must constantly upgrade skills and learn new processes and techniques related to new technology and business practices.

Several factors are forcing industry to commit to training these days: technological innovation; downsizing and re-engineering; modern management practices; a nationally poor public education system that isn't producing a capable pool of potential employees; and new workplace laws and regulations. Other training needs impacting the worker and the workplace are those which accommodate state and Federal regulations (such as sexual harassment or cultural diversity sensitivity). ("Ineffective Training Kills the Bottom Line" 1998)

The questions to be answered here are:

What role does feedback play in training?

What is the importance of feedback in training?

What are the attributes of effective feedback for training?

What methods can be devised for delivering effective feedback for training?

In reviewing the available literature on this topic I have selected a list of publications which are likely to contain helpful information. These include books and journal articles on training and a few magazine and newspaper articles on training. I especially sought out four types of literature: manuals or resource texts on training and its methods, documented case studies of effective and ineffective training, research articles concerning training methods and news concerning methods of training. Within these I intend to find how feedback fits into the training picture. To this end I have consulted the following resources:

Annotated Bibleography

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Billett, Stephen. Learning in the Workplace: Strategies for Effective Practice. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 2001.

This book covers the writer's experiences and reasoned judgments concerning learning in the workplace via training and mentor programs. It is aimed at proving the value of on-the-job training. The value of feedback is mentioned several times, but never really explored or defined. The types of feedback are not included, and no mention is made of negative feedback. It merely says that feedback is valuable in coaching.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002152698

Bravin, Jonathan. "Training 1990: A Video Odyssey." Security Management Dec. 1989: 54+.

This journal article covers the subject of security training, especially for the best methods. It concentrates on Interactive Video Discs as its chosen "best," explaining why and including some sound educational theory, especially some concerning the value of immediate positive feedback

Building a Strong Reputation in Skills Training." Evening Chronicle (Newcastle, England): 37.

This is a short newspaper article describing the progress of a particular government funded training program. It does not give much news about the program and has no discussion of theory or methodology.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001665891

Campbell, Brett. "Job Training That Works." The Progressive Aug. 1993: 14.

This is very short newspaper article about the Quest training program in Texas: its inception, reason for being and success to date. It does not include any education information or theory.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001108808

Carlson, Dawn S., et al. "Training Motivation in Organizations: An Analysis of Individual-Level Antecedents [*]." Journal of Managerial Issues 12.3 (2000): 271.

This journal article covers the effectiveness of training in organizations and correlates them with the positive attitudes and self-efficacy (the perception of the learner of the level at which he or she can learn effectively) learners and the positive corporate support. The article describes a research project to uncover the value of these three things to a training program's success, and the relationships among them. It does not mention methodology of the actual training at all.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108859260

Davis-Russell, Elizabeth, and Connell F. Persico, eds. The California School of Professional Psychology Handbook of Multicultural Education, Research, Intervention, and Training. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002.

This book is aimed at the training clinical psychologist and the trainers, seeking to explore the methods for creating multicultural curriculum and programs, training psychologists and developing effective intervention. It was created as a handbook for MERIT: Multicultural Education, Research, Intervention, and Training after a research project in Napa, California by students at the named school.

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Desai, Mayur S., Thomas Richards, and John Paul Eddy. "End-User Training: A Meta Model." Journal of Instructional Psychology 26.2 (1999): 74.

This article documents part two of the results of an industrial study of training using IBT vs CBT training modules. While methodology was mentioned, it was not adequately covered and feedback was not mentioned at all.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001892994

Desai, Mayur S., Thomas Richards, and John Paul Eddy. "Training Systems Management Implications." College Student Journal 33.4 (1999): 501.

This article is part one of a training study on the use of IBT vs CBT in industrial and corporate settings. It also discussed methodology but only details the actual training delivery methods. It does, however, give an excellent definition of education vs. training.

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Eldering, Lotty, and Paul P.M.Leseman, eds. Effective Early Education: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. New York: Falmer Press, 1999.

This book covers the theories and problems in early childhood education, especially as concerns language acquisition. Its purpose is to enhance early childhood education and to account for such variables as culture, language, poverty and handicaps.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5009317534

Everett, Gregory E., D. Joe Olmi, Ron P. Edwards, and Daniel H. Tingstrom. "The Contributions of Eye Contact and Contingent Praise to Effective Instruction Delivery in Compliance Training." Education & Treatment of Children 28.2 (2005): 48+.

This journal article discusses a research project proving the importance of eye contact and positive feedback in the form of praise in the efficacy of compliance training with young children. While the research certainly proved the importance of eye contact and praise, it has little significance to this paper due to the youthfulness of the participants.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5012402983

Fluck, Jill C. "Computer-Based Programs: Pennsylvania's Cost-Effective Approach to Staff Training." Corrections Today Dec. 2005: 64+.

This journal article describes the highly successful SPECAT program in Pennsylvania. There are some relevant portions here about the design of computer-based training and the importance of feedback. In fact, the feedback in this case is unique and especially apropos for computer training.

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Gardner, James E. Choosing Effective Development Programs: An Appraisal Guide for Human Resources and Training Managers. New York: Quorum Books, 1987.

This book is a guide for human resources and training managers. Chapter three introduces motivation and chapter four is highly relevant to this paper as it is all about the value of feedback.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102740083

Gerber, Rod, and Colin Lankshear, eds. Training for a Smart Workforce. London: Routledge, 2000. This book is highly relevant to this paper. It includes pedagogical information specifically aimed at work place training. There is a lot of information concerning efficient training design, components of effective training and program evaluation.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000140137

Gitter, Robert J. "Job Training in Europe: Lessons from Abroad." Monthly Labor Review 115.4 (1992): 25+.

This journal article describes the value and efficacy of European training programs, but does not mention much about how they are designed and offers no theoretical information on the design of the programs.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102662158

Glenn, Russell W., et al. Training the 21st Century Police Officer: Redefining Police Professionalism for the Los Angeles Police Department / . Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2003.

This book is a detailed study of the redesign of the training programs for the LAPD. It includes a lot of excellent information for police training and a large number of charts and graphs. It would be especially valuable to someone studying police training, but includes little about the theoretical basis and methodology of training per se.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107081426

Graham, Hugh Davis. Creating, Implementing, and Managing Effective Training and Development: State-of-the-Art Lessons for Practice. Ed. Eduardo Salas. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002.

This is an excellent book concentrating upon the development of effective corporate training programs. It includes theoretical information, components of effective training design, means of assessing programs and considerable useful knowledge on training effectively.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000479101

Gray, George R., Mckenzie E. Hall, Marianne Miller, and Charles Shasky. "Training Practices in State Government Agencies." Public Personnel Management 26.2 (1997): 187+.

This is a journal article on the cost effectiveness and return on investment for training in state government agencies. It covers the methods and theoretical basis for assessment of programs, but does not specifically… READ MORE

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