Term Paper on "Revolutions in India Mexico and Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century"

Term Paper 4 pages (1186 words) Sources: 1+

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Revolutions of the Early 20th Century

This is a paper on revolutions in India, Mexico, and Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. There are three references used for this paper.

For centuries, there have been revolutions throughout the world. It is interesting to compare the differences among the revolutions in India, Mexico and Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, including the motivations behind the revolutions.

Great Britain vs. India

India came under British rule in 1757 with the "defeat of the Nawab of Bengal at Plassey, and by 1818 the British controlled nearly all of India south of the Sutlej River and had reduced to vassalage their most powerful Indian enemies, the state of Mysore and the Marathas. Only Sind and Punjab remained completely independent (Unknown)." While Great Britain controlled the agricultural interests of India and created a negative impact on the exportation of cotton goods, they were instrumental in improving irrigation and transportation.

As the British control expanded to include Sind and Punjab, social unrest began to surface. While the Indian Mutiny of 1857 was suppressed, it led to reforms which resulted in more Indians in the British army and "native rulers being guaranteed the integrity of their domains as long as they recognized the British as paramount (Unknown)." As government universities were established, an "Indian middle class emerged and advocated further reform. Popular nationalist sentiment was perhaps most strongly aroused when in 1905, for administrative reason, Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal into two presidencies. In the early 1900s the British had widened Indian participation in legislative councils, and separate Muslim constituencies, introduced for the first time, were to be a major factor in the growing split between the two communities (Unknown)."

When World War I began, Great Britain had the full support of India. However, there quickly became discontent among the Indians when the promise of eventual self-government never materialized, millions died due to influenza and the country experienced crop failures between 1918 and 1919. The passage of the Rowlatt Acts in 1919 by Britain, "which enabled authorities to dispense with juries, and even trials, in dealing with agitators, lead Mohandas K. Gandhi to organize the first of his many passive-resistance campaigns. The massacre of Indians by British troops at Amritsar further inflamed the situation (Unknown)." Although the "Government of India Act in late 1919 allowed elected Indian ministers to share power with appointed British governors and ministers, and created provisions for periodic revisions, Gandhi felt too little progress had been made, and he organized new protests (Unknown)." These protests led to Imperial conferences in the early 1930's, resulting in elections of entirely "Indian provincial governments and a federal legislature in Delhi (Unknown)."

Mexican Revolution

The Mexican revolution is considered "one of the great social upheavals of the early twentieth century, a reaction to centuries of poverty and inequality in the countryside and to the depredations of foreign investment and rapid capitalist development of industry in the late nineteenth century (MacEwan)." The upperclass citizens, who had a major interest in the agricultural and industrial workplace, continued to control Mexican society by shortening the revolution. Although the revolution prevented the peasants and workers of the country from gaining power, it did have an impact on the country and its citizens. It "gave a role to peasants and workers, provided a limited land reform, and allowed peasants' and workers' organizations to play a continuing role in Mexican political life. While the ruling groups generally succeeded in coopting and corrupting - or crushing - these organizations, the popular forces could not… READ MORE

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