Thesis on "Revenge and Forgiveness in Islam and Christianity"

Thesis 8 pages (2465 words) Sources: 5 Style: MLA

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Revenge and Forgiveness in Islam and Christianity: Similarities and Parallels

The Christian Bible and the Islamic Quran are two of the three books of religion. The third book is the Jewish Torah, which is known by many as the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. It is the "book" which distinguishes these three religions from other beliefs and faiths found around the world. The Bible and the Quran are the books of religious law for Christianity and Islam, and the respective books prescribe how Christians and Muslims should conduct themselves in their relationship with the divinity and in their relationships with other human beings. Much attention has come to focus on Christianity and Islam since the events of September 11, 2001, when Islamic extremists, fundamentalists, attacked the United States, which responded by going to war in Afghanistan and Iraq. Since that time, leaders, theologians, and academicians from the Middle East and the United States have discussed, debated, analyzed, and written books about the Christian and Islamic religious perspectives, especially as it relates to the concepts of revenge and forgiveness. These efforts have in part been to inform Muslims and Christians alike as to whom one another are as people of faith both to demonstrate the similarities between them, and in support of their concepts as actions.

To become fully informed in order to engage in coherent discussion and exchange of ideas on these concepts takes time and patience and requires individual research. Surprisingly, many people within both faith groups are curious enough and interested enough in one another's traditions such that there is now a plethora of current and updated books on both traditions that approach Christianity and Islam from the perspective of events beginning in 2001.

This brief essay looks at the concepts of revenge and forgiveness as it is understood by people familiar with both the Bible and the Quran, and as it is understood by followers at large, and by fundamentalists within each faith. The goal is to identify the similarities, the differences, to the extent that there are differences, and to consider forgiveness and revenge in terms of what has gone on historically, in the recent past, and how those ideas and perceptions from a faith-based perspective led to the events of September 11, and how they can likewise move us beyond the events of September 11, and perhaps into a new era of understanding in Islam and Christianity.

Revenge in the Quran and in the Bible

Islamic clerics are spiritual guides to Muslims, and are as important to Muslims as the Catholic Pope is to Christians. In 1993, authorities in the United States imprisoned an Islamic cleric, Sheikh Abel Rahman, on charges of terrorism related to the failed attempt to destroy the World Trade Center in New York City (Bergen 206). Sheikh Abel Rahman had an extensive Egyptian following, and his spiritual guidance to his followers was based on Islamic extremism, and an interpretation of the Quran that when applied to the West from a historical perspective, and from the perspective of the Sheikh, positioned the United States as a threat to Islam, which threat then, according to the Quran, must be eradicated. The Sheikh had issued a fatwa to attack the United States, but he was also believed to be the driving force behind the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, in Cairo, Egypt in 1981 (Bergen 206). Sadat had agreed to a U.S. brokered peace settlement between Egypt and Israel (which stands to this day), and for that, he was seen by the extremists as having betrayed Islam and Egypt. The Sheikh and his extremist followers, al Qaeda, refer to Christians as "Zionist-Crusaders (Bergen 207)," thereby carrying forward the agenda of revenge against the West, and, as the case of President Sadat has proven, anyone whom the extremists believe by association with the West poses a threat to Islam. These are the dynamics of the events as they led to September 11, 2001. With this understanding, we can now examine this long carried forward agenda of revenge against the "Zionist-Crusaders," as it is defended by the extremists according to the Quran and Islamic law.

The Quran is very specific in talking about war and revenge. When Shiekh Abel Rahman issued his fatwa (decree) of war against the United States, it was because the Shiekh perceived the U.S. In its historical and current role in the Middle East as a threat to Islam. He had to perceive it that way for it his fatwa, ostensibly a decree for revenge against the Zionist-Crusaders, and his actions past and present to be legal according to the Quran and Islamic law. However, the Quran says:

"recommends forgoing revenge and practicing charity, as in the verse, 'But whosoever forgoeth it [that is, an eye for eye] it shall be expiation for him (5:45) (Hossein Nasr 266)."

In the English version of the Quran, by Rashad Khalifa (), there is a reference to revenge (16:126), which reads:

"And if you punish, you shall inflict an equivalent punishment. But if you resort to patience (instead of revenge), it would be better for the patient ones (220)."

War, often associated with revenge, as was the case of the United States going to war in Afghanistan and Iraq following the events of September 11, 2001. War is discussed in the Quran in terms of an action of last resort. Hossein Nasr ()translates the Quran as saying about war:

"[war] should not go on indefinitely; as soon as the enemy sues for peace, hostilities must terminate. 'But if they desist, then let there be no hostility (2:192) (Hossein Nasr 266).'"

Khalifa interprets this from the Quran about war:

"If you encounter (in war) those who disbelieve, you may strike the necks. If you take them as captives you may set them free or ransom them, until the war ends. Had GOD willed, He could have granted you victory, without war (418)."

In the last line, "Had GOD willed, He could have granted you victory, without war," then it would follow in logic that if there was a war that God could have prevented, then the fact that it was not prevented was God's will, and that the war, or revenge, is a just war in the eyes of God. This is the kind of loophole that Islamic extremists use to justify their actions of revenge.

While the Quran mentions the word "revenge," very little, it speaks to specific instances when either God or the faithful will respond towards "disbelievers" in a violent way. These instances can be interpreted as revenge, because they are in response to an offense made towards Islam. It is, however, the Bible that uses the word "revenge," in terms that it is easily recognized as just that, and speaks about revenge in violent ways. Laura Blumenfeld (), in her book, Revenge: A Story of Hope, talks about a conversation she had on revenge with Yitzhak Shamir, one of Israel's "toughest leaders (37)." He refers to the stories of the Old Testament in the Bible, and says that Exodus was a battle plan:

"In Israel's pre-state days, when he fought in the Jewish underground, 'We had unwritten rules, we paid them back for every death (37)." Blumenfeld reminds us that Jews, like Shamir, do not live by the Bible, but live in the Bible (37). The Bible talks about revenge as God's discretion, as does the Quran, except in those instances when there are discussions of war, which might ostensibly be interpreted as revenge. In Proverbs 20:22 of the Bible, Christians are reminded, "Do not say, 'I will repay evil,' wait for the Lord, and he will deliver you." Like the Quran, the Bible assures Christians of the rewards that they will reap for exercising patience, and forgoing revenge, "If your enemy is hungry, give him bread to eat, and if he is thirsty, give him water to drink, for you will heap burning coals on his head, and the Lord will reward you (Proverbs 25:21-22)."

In Romans 12:17-21, it reads:

"Repay no one evil for evil, but give thought to do what is honorable in the sight of all. If possible, so far as it depends on you, live peaceably with all. Beloved, never avenge yourselves, but leave it to the wrath of God, for it is written 'Vengeance is mine, I will repay,' says the Lord. To the contrary, 'If your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink; for by so doing you will heap burning coals on his head.' Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good."

Alan Dershowitz, the well-known civil and Constitutional rights advocate and legal scholar, explains the concept of revenge in the Bible this way:

"The authors of the Bible certainly understood the inherent human impulse for vengeance. In one of the most subtle and innovative chapters of the Bible, God Commands Moses, 'appoint . . . cities of refuge .… READ MORE

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