Research Paper on "Appraisal of Evidence-Based Guidelines"

Research Paper 6 pages (2097 words) Sources: 6 Style: APA

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Rating: 3. Although the paragraph is succinct and clear as to the value of communication with cancer patients saying that optimal communication builds, trust, respect, and reciprocity, the authors only mention in passing that excellent communication significantly affects clinical outcomes. There is a huge literature on the critical need for communication with cancer patients -- as, indeed, with all patients who are critically ill - and elaborating somewhat on the ways that deficient communication can aggravate outcome may be helpful for readers of this article as well as for prompting them to improve their communication. Furthermore, the authors could have defined effective communication as well as conceptualized their definition of 'sub optimal' communication. This is particularly important in a treatise that seeks to improve communication.

The clinical question covered by the guidelines in specifically described.

Rating 2. See above. A more expanded literary review of studies that point to ineffective clinician-patient cancer-related communication as well as possible shortfalls or discrepancies in any of these studies would have lent more credence and body to the guideline.

3. The patients to whom the guideline is meant to apply are specially described

Rating 4. The generic term 'cancer patient' is used. Although the term 'cancer' could be differentiated, the generic term provides us with sufficient detail.

Scope and Objective

1. The overall objective is to improve communication of clinicians towards cancer patients. Results would transmit information more clearly and without distortion from clinician to patient. Improved communication would also build trust; cement a supportive relationship, and positively effect clinical outcomes. Lastly, empathetic and effective communication will also go far in reducing patient's distress.

2. A detailed description of the clinical question would address precisely how and in which manner would the most effective communication occur. What are the most important elements to consider when communicating with patients? Also included are questions on how to tell people that they have cancer; how to discuss the prognosis; how to prepare patients for a medical procedure; how to discuss treatment options; and how to discuss disease progression

3. The population that is covered by the guideline is cancer patients as a whole (all ages, all cancer types, both sexes, all ethnicities; no distinction is made) from the time that their disease has been discovered to all aspects of their condition and treatment.

Stakeholder Involvement

4. The guideline development group includes individuals from all the relevant professional groups

Rating 3. The generic term 'clinician' is used. I am not sure whether this refers to nurses, social workers, palliative care physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, oncologists, surgeons, and family physicians as detailed in the description of the 110 participants. There are aspects of the article that make me think this term to be conducive to physician or nurse alone. I may be incorrect.

More so, it seems to me that communication with cancer patient is just as important a subject in reference to patient educators and in reference to all who come into contact with patient as consistent and abundant literature on the subject shows.

5. The patient's views and preferences have been sought

Rating 1 & 4. It is difficult to grade this question since it is irrelevant. On the one hand, it was the cancer practitioners' feedback that was obtained, rather than the patient's views and preferences. On the other hand, the objective was, and is, superb communication with cancer patients so that their views and preferences can be concretely understood and fulfilled. In this way, their views and preferences have been sought.

6. The target users of the guidelines are clearly defined

Rating 2. As explained before, the generic term 'clinician' is used. I am not sure whether this refers to nurses, social workers, palliative care physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, oncologists, surgeons, and family physicians as detailed in the description of the 110 participants. There are aspects of the article that make me think this term conducive to physician or nurse alone.

7. The guideline has been piloted among target users

Rating 1 The entire process on which the guideline was constructed consisted of developing and distributing evidence-based clinical guideline drafts and a survey to a relevant sample. The literature review on the subject was conducted by the Clinician-Patient Communications Working Panel of the PEBC of Cancer Care Ontario which extracted from that review several evidence-based recommendations pertinent to the issue. These were then sent to Ontario cancer practitioners for their assessment and feedback, together with a mailed survey, which asked respondents to evaluate the methods, discussion, and results of the draft. Teleconference discussion was then conducted. Never throughout was the guideline piloted on target users.

Stakeholder Involvement.

4. The group that conducted the literature review and wrote out the draft was the Clinician-Patient Communications Working Panel of the PEBC of Cancer Care Ontario. The respondents were nurses, social workers, palliative care physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, oncologists, patient educators, surgeons, and family physicians. They also included members of the Provincial Palliative Care Committee and the Provincial Psychosocial Oncology Committee.

5. The respondents were all practitioners who were closely involved with cancer patients. They were thus fully cognizant of and in touch with patients' experiences and expectations of health care.

6. The target users are not clearly defined in the guideline, although the method used to employ their opinion indicates that the category of individuals listed may refer to the target users.

7. The guideline was based on a comprehensive literature review that was also assessed by an external body. In that way, it had been pre-tested numerous times.

Rigor of Development

8. Systematic methods were used to search for evidence

Rating 4: The literature had been thoroughly plumbed by teams of clinical, content, and methodology experts who had then drawn up and distributed a draft do their findings to Ontario cancer practitioners for review. The respondents were nurses, social workers, palliative care physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, oncologists, patient educators, surgeons, and family physicians. They also included members of the Provincial Palliative Care Committee and the Provincial Psychosocial Oncology Committee

9. The criteria for selecting the evidence are clearly described

Rating 3: The method is clearly described. The evidence-based recommendation of the draft and examples of the EB recommendations are lacking.

10. Rating 3. The methods used for formulating recommendation are, on the whole, clearly described. There are times when the authors direct one to former research.

11. The health benefits. have been considered in formulating recommendations

Rating1. Irrelevant question

Rigor of Development

12. There is an explicit link between the recommendation and the supporting evidence

Rating 4. Authors proceed from describing their methodology of draft and feedback to delineating the most effective methods for achieving clinician-patient communication in all stages.

13. The guidelines have been externally reviewed by experts

Rating 4. Responses were received from 33 individuals. These included nurses, social workers, palliative care physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, oncologists, patient educators, surgeons, and family physicians, as well as members of the Provincial Palliative Care Committee and the Provincial Psychosocial Oncology Committee

14. A procedure for updating the guideline is provided.

Rating 3: Indirectly. Implications that this is so may be derived from the same methodology that prompted it in the first place and that seems to have been conducted on previous occasions. Namely, by a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and soliciting feedback from specialists.

Clarity and presentation

15. The recommendations are specific

Rating 4. Extremely so and categorized according to every conceivable situation.

16. The different options for management of the condition are clearly presented

Rating 4. Communication in the different situations is described at length and detailed, with specifics, examples, and in a clear and understandable manner.

17. Key recommendations are easily identifiable

Rating 4 The whole is clear, and recommendations in each category are italicized and accentuated.

18. The guidelines is supported with tools for application

Rating 4 Examples are liberally sprinkled throughout. Communication prescriptions are described in a way that can be understood by all.

Applicability

19. Barriers in applying guideline have been discussed

Rating 1. Not at ll. A clinician may feel discomfort in certain situations, such as in witnessing patient cry or in revealing regression of disease or condition of disease in the first place. None of these instances are mentioned.

20. The potential cost implications .. have been considered

Rating 1. Question is irrelevant.

21. The guideline presents key review criteria for monitoring

Rating 4. Criteria are thorough and specific.

22. The guideline is editorially independent from the funding body

Rating 4 The PEBC notes itself to be editorially independent from Cancer Care Ontario and the Ontario Ministry of Heath and Long-Term care.

23. Conflicts of interest of guideline members have been recorded.

Rating 4 The PEBC remarks that it is sponsored by but otherwise editorially independent from Cancer Care Ontario and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term care.

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