Discussion Chapter on "Psychoanalysis According to Shultz and Shultz (2008)"

Discussion Chapter 13 pages (4994 words) Sources: 1+

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Psychoanalysis

According to Shultz and Shultz (2008), psychoanalysis arose as a revolt against the medical community's attempts to find physical causes to mental health conditions. Psychoanalysis set out to focus on the psychopathology of individuals and how this impacted their behaviors. There were three major influences on psychoanalysis movement: 1) philosophical speculation about unconscious psychological phenomenon. 2) early ideas about psychopathology 3) evolution theory (Shultz & Shultz, 2008). Freud's theories were based on the idea that the unconscious can directly impact an individual's behavior or emotions without their awareness. This can be seen in individuals who experience depression or anxiety related to unresolved childhood abuse but are unable to understand, without therapeutic support, the root of their issue. Behaviors such as avoidance of situations that provoke anxiety are common in individuals with unresolved childhood trauma.

Model 2: Topic

The Oedipus complex in boys develops out of the phallic stage in which it is believed that the boy resents the father due to the rivalry for the attention of the mother and as a result begins to desire his death or absence. This begins to be coupled with sexual urges toward the mother. Young boys often look up to their parents and want to be like them. This includes competing with their father in many areas such as sports. Young boys today are encouraged to be competitive in order to excel in physical activities and this competition can include attempts to supersede the accomplishments of the father.

Penis envy occurs when a young girl realizes that she has no penis and believes that she is somehow at a disadvantage as a result. She blames the mother for this shortcoming. Throughout history women have found themselves suppressed or at a significant disadvantage to their male counterparts. This is still prominent today in the world of work where although women are beginning to equal the number of men in the workplace, the average woman continues to make 75% of what her male counterpart does in the same position ( ). Women are often frustrated by their inability to compete with men in this domain.

Model 3: Topic 1

I frequently dream that I am late for an appointment, such as a job interview or meeting, and that I cannot find an item that I desperately need in order to go such as my car keys or pocketbook. Since Jung utilizes archetypes to explain the process of dreams one can utilizes these concepts to analyze the dreams. Archetypes are modes of behavior formed in the psyche and are present in all individuals (Jung, 1971). These pre-existent forms come into conscious secondarily, giving form to psychic contents (Jung, 1971). The archetype is a part of the unconscious that becomes altered when it is drawn into the conscious. Archetypes have been established by factors that exist in the real world such as myths, religions, or historic events (Adams, 2003). Jung (1971) describes archetypes as constants in all societies such as parenting, rites of passage, or death. Given this background, the dream of being late for an appointment and not being able to find an important item is central to the expectations of society of being organized and punctual despite the numerous commitments and directions in which we are pulled each day. The fast pace of society can be stressful for me and the expectations to meet daily demands can be seen in my dream.

Model 3: Topic 2

Jung, like any other individual, had many experiences that he believed made him an expert on living. However, for the outside observer who is expected to believe and understand his theories, it is difficult to do so when you truly take a look at the experiences of this man. For example, his father-son type relationship with Freud which eventually falls apart leads to a period of six years during which he has an emotional breakdown. One has to question whether or not he blindly followed Freud. His concepts of introvert and extrovert come directly from his own experiences of being a lonely child. One must question whether the theories that are derived from his experiences truly hold any validity in the world of psychology.

Model 4: Topic 1

I am a first born child and am significantly older than my siblings. I can see in myself the clear tendency toward independence. Due to the significant gap in age my role in relationships with friends and families quickly becomes that of nurturer or caretaker often to the point where I will forgo my own desires or needs in order to support or care for another individual. I early on knew from personal experiences with disadvantaged individuals that I wanted to work in the helping profession and my continued pursuit of psychology appears to be the direct result of these experiences. I have a tendency toward overachievement in all aspects of my life and find that I am my biggest critic often feeling as if my accomplishments are never quite good enough. I am extremely detail oriented and want things done properly the first time this leads to struggles with delegation of responsibilities as it is easier for me to do things myself and get them done correctly than depend on others. This may be a direct result of my inability to trust others to do things as well as I would do them myself. I find that I often accomplish the things that I set my mind to but the intensity of my personality can be overwhelming for others as I will rarely accept less than perfection and struggle to accept when I am told that something cannot or will not be done.

Model 4: Topic 2

Parenting styles can directly impact the outcome of the child's personality. For example, the parent who always gives the child what they want may end up with a child that expects to get what they want and struggle to understand responsibility. These children may have difficulties in relationships with others, struggling to accept the limits of others. On the other hand, parents who allow their child to make reasonable choices and have control over the aspects of their life that make sense will end up with children who take ownership of their lives and what occurs in them. Discipline should be geared at teaching a lesson not at being punitive or promoting good behavior through unfitting rewards.

Model 5: Topic 1

Horney describes the "tyranny of the shoulds" as the ideals that a person creates for themselves which are believed to be unrealistic and unattainable. The shoulds can be the result of external influences such as socio-economic class, parents, school personnel etc., or they can be internal drives resulting from neurosis and the constant drive toward perfection. The neurotic person continually strives toward the imagined perfect self and is frequently disappointed by the inability to live up to these expectations. The constant striving toward perfection aids the individual to mask the anxiety that their neurosis creates.

There are many things that individuals do on a daily basis that are done out of the belief that they should rather than a need or desire. For example, parents will often join the parent teacher association (PTA) at their child's school due to the social expectation that a good parent is actively engaged in the education of their child. Oftentimes these expectations far outweigh a parents desire to attend evening meetings and participate in numerous fundraising efforts yet the belief that they should participate overshadows any hesitation. The value in engaging in activities that we believe that we should is the reduction of anxiety created by internal conflicts as well as the potential avoidance of negative choices.

Mode 5: Topic 2

Murray believed that the personality is developed through the expectations of social roles and situational determinants. The individual reacts to the environment in response to these influences. When an individual experiences a need this creates feelings of tension and satisfaction of the need results in the reduction of tension. Therefore individuals learn to interact with their environments in manners that reduce tension as well as experiencing tension. However, Murray also believed that the individual at times will respond to their environment in a manner that increased tension so that when it is reduced later there is an increased level of satisfaction. In this regard, a life free of tension may not always be the best approach as there is a level of tension that once developed can increase the pleasure that an individual experiences through resolution of that tension.

Model 6: Topic 1

When I was an adolescent, I idolized my AP English teacher. She was intelligent and had an amazing level of charisma about her and engaged learning with a passion that was unprecedented at my high school. She was also a writer which was a career path that I hoped to follow her down. This is particularly common in adolescence when they are experience what Erikson terms identity vs. role confusion. During… READ MORE

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