Research Paper on "Peru and Chile Present Fisheries Structure"

Research Paper 4 pages (1276 words) Sources: 4

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Aquiculture also contributes to this degradation as it modifies the habitats of these species (N.A, 2012).

The Impact of Coastal Upwelling on Nutrient-richness

The upwelling that is responsible for the nutrient rich waters is made possible by the winds, which result in the Equatorial Subsurface Waters being raised to the photic zone. These waters come from depths of over 200 metres in close proximity to the coast. N.A. (2012) says that the high productivity of the coastal water can be attributed to the Equatorial Subsurface Waters, which bring in a large amount of nutrients. Topography also accounts for the great upwelling near the coast other than just the intensity of the wind. This upwelling can also be induced by the topography as well as the geometry of the coast (N.A, 2012). An example of this is Antofagasta (23S), which is a major centre for upwelling and is offshore in the North of Chile.

Studies have been carried out in this area on zooplankton and their primary and secondary productivity. These studies have been carried out during the irregular periods of La Nina and El Nino. Through these studies, the area has been seen to be conducive for larval retention. Circulation patterns were not touched on in these studies, though geostrophic analyses have been carried out. N.A (2012) states that baroclinic and barotropic factors control the dominant circulation at the coast; however, their collective effect is yet to be analysed.

Coastal upwelling attributed to the wind dominates the south-central part of Chile, which has a great seasonal pattern. Eddies and fresh water rivers contribute to this zone as well resulting in major stratification during summer. This stratification can be so strong that the wind may not be able to destroy it, stopping the up-welled water from reaching the surface (N.A, 2012).

Western and Eastern Boundary Current

The Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem forms part of the Eastern Boundaries of the world ocean along with three other currents. The other currents are the Canary current of the north-west African coast, the Benguela current off the shoe of West Africa and the California current of the western coast of the United States. The Humboldt originates from the bifurcation of the West Wind Drift Current at approximately 42 South. This creates the Cape Horn Current southwards and the Humboldt Current northwards, running all the way from the southwest of the continent towards the north of Peru at about 5 South. The West wind division fluctuates seasonally every year between 43 South at the Island of Chiloe and 47 South at the Gulf of Penas (N.A., 2012).

The Current Diffusion and Distinct Boundary

The western boundary of the Humboldt Current is difficult to define as it lies beyond the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone, which lies off of Peru and Chile. To the south, the boundary lies between Chiloe Island and the Gulf of Penas that is, 42-46 South. To the north, the boundary is at the Equatorial Current. The external limits are to a great extent arbitrarily set (N.A, 2012).

The Current's Temperature (Warmth and Coolness)

The Subtropical Water mass ranges between 16 and 24. The Superficial Sub-Antarctic Water has temperatures ranging between 9 and15C. The Intermediate Antarctic Water has temperatures of 46.5C. The Intermediate Antarctic Water Mass has low temperatures of 5 to 7C.

References

Seeliger, U. And Kjerfve, B. (2001). Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Peru Current. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E. (2003). Retrieved November 20, 2015 from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Peru+Current

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2015). Peru Current. Retrieved from: http://www.britannica.com/place/Peru-Current

N.A. (2012). Integrated Overview of the Oceanography and Environmental Variability of the Humboldt Current System. Retrieved from: http://humboldt.iwlearn.org/es/informacion-y-publicacion/Modulo1_PyVariabil_AmbientalVol1.pdf. READ MORE

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