Term Paper on "Paxil Boon or Bane? History and Neural"

Term Paper 5 pages (1510 words) Sources: 3 Style: APA

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Paxil

BOON or BANE?

History and Neural Mechanisms

Paxil is the brand name of an orally administered psychotropic drug, Paroxetine hydrochloride, manufactured by Glaxo Smith Kline (GlaxoSmithKline 2007). The effectiveness of paroxetine in treating major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder has been the focus of studies, which linked the chemical combination to central nervous system activities involved in the disorders. These studies showed that sufficient doses of the drug block neuronal uptake of serotonin into human platelets. Animal studies also suggested that paroxetine strongly and selectively inhibit reuptake and has negligible allergic, sedative and cardiovascular effects as do other psychotropic drugs (GlaxoSmithKline).

Uses and Efficacy

Paxil is approved by the Food and Drug Administration and prescribed by doctors for the treatment of certain mental disorders (GlaxoSmithKline 2007). These are major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and post traumatic stress disorder. Scientific evidence suggests that these may be caused by chemical imbalance in the brain. Paxil is designed to correct the imbalance. As in the preparation of recipes, requiring the right mix of the right ingredients, the brain needs such balance to function optimally. Under normal conditions, the chemical neurotransmitter in the brain, called serotonin, helps in the transmission of messages from one brain to another. Brain cells communicate this way and serotonin helps maintain the smooth functioning. But when imbalance occurs, that communication is impaired. This condition can develop into depression, anxiety or post-menopausal disorder. Paxil helps restore the balance of serotonin levels and cell-to-cell communication at normal levels. It has the convenience of portability whereby the patient may carry it along and use it to manage his or her condition anywhere at any time (GlaxoSmithKline).

Paxil CR or controlled release has been prescribed to treat the most severe form of Post-Menopausal Syndrome or PMS (Nursing 2003). Reports say that 3-8% of American women suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder. This is the most severe form of PMS. Paxil CR is the first of its type of medication to be approved by the FDa for the condition. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is characterized by very strong emotional and physical symptoms. Emotional symptoms include irritability, mood swings, tension, insomnia, fatigue and depression. Physical symptoms, on the other hand, include weight gain, gas pain, tenderness of the breast, headache, and generalized aches and pains. These signs and symptoms often occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle and disappear when menstruation begins. The recurrence of these symptoms significantly affects a woman's functions and moods. Experiments show that Paxil CR is more efficacious at reducing these symptoms when taken in low doses of 12.5 mg per day, although a higher dose may produce similar results (Nursing).

Adverse Effects

Studies on Paxil CR as treatment for menopausal hot flashes implied long-term risks of hormone replacement therapy (Nursing 2003). These divided 165 menopausal women respondents into groups who took three regimens of Paxil CR 12.5 mg per day, Paxil Cr 25 mg per day and a placebo for six weeks. Results showed that 60% of those on either dose of Paxil experienced reduced symptoms of hot flashes in number and intensity. Those taking placebo had 38% reduced symptoms. Treatment of hot flashes, however, was not included in FDA-approved indication list for the drug (Nursing).

From its own analytical findings, Paxil manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline warned doctors in writing that the drug could increase the risk of suicide attempts in some young adults (Carey and Harris 2006). It informed the doctors that the finding was indicated on the drug's labels. Its clinical analysis of 15,000 respondents revealed that suicide attempts were more common in those who took the drug for depression than those on placebo. The company, however, reported only one suicide in the trials. It reasoned that the number is so negligible to pose any significant risk. In response, the FDA issued a strong warning on antidepressant labels. Critics believed that this confession by the manufacturer itself suggested that the risk is not only real but not confined to minors only. FDA said that it was still evaluating the data but went ahead and recommended caution in the use of antidepressants. It warned about the worsening of depression and increased suicidal thinking and behavior and sudden discontinuation of the drug. It asked psychiatric drug manufacturers to review their data on the side effects of such drugs on adults. The objective was to establish the link between suicide attempts and any of the antidepressants. Since then, FDA required a label, warning the use of the drugs by children and adolescents. It also believed that the public should treat Glaxo's findings with caution. Its antidepressant trials were not aimed at evaluating suicide dangers, thus did not establish that the drug was not the cause of the behavioral disorder. Glaxo voluntarily issued the warnings while maintaining that the drug's benefits outweighed the risks. It also said that it had advised doctors to monitor their patients to make sure the symptoms do not get worse during the entire treatment. Earlier researches implied that the highest risk of suicidal thinking or behavior occurred in the first few weeks of treatment. This was when patients stopped the medication. A British review on antidepressant trials conducted in the previous year said that patients on Paxil and similar drugs, like Prozac, reported suicide attempts more frequently (Carey and Harris).

The Glaxo study involved 8,958 takers of Paxil and 5,953 of placebo (Carey and Harris 2006). Their ages ranged from 18 to 64 and took the drug for one of the indicated disorders. The study found that 11 of the total of 3,455 patients reported suicide attempts, compared with only one in 1,978 on placebo. Most of those who attempted suicide were adults whose ages ranged from 18 to 30, Glaxo said. From the results, Glaxo concluded no increased risk in adults over 30 years old. Doctors felt that the warning should trigger more careful supervision when the drug entered the market (Carey and Harris).

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration took up from the stance of the British food and drug agency in warning against the use of Paxil by children (Healthfacts 2003). The brand name of the British drug was Seroxat. Seroxat was suspected as the causing suicidal tendencies and other abnormal or dangerous behavioral reactions to those under 18 in the UK. Paxil manufacturer Glaxo, on the other hand, was suspected to hide negative results of a similar kind. The UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency demanded access to Glaxo's files, data and studies on Paxil or Seroxat, with the release of new data on the drug. These data compared with those on children who were given a placebo. Findings revealed an increase in suicide, aggressive behavior and other forms of psychosis in the children subjects taking the drug. The agency was quoted as saying that Glaxo could be subjected to criminal charges if found withholding earlier studies with these or similar findings (Healthfacts).

Paxil has been approved by the U.S. FDA for adults with established mental conditions, but not for children (Healthfacts 2003). Some American physicians, however, prescribe it to some children. The FDA website publishes three well-controlled trials on children with major depression. They failed to prove that Paxil does better than a placebo. It now requires manufacturers to present two trials, which would prove that antidepressants did better than placebos. Drug companies had to conduct several trials just to come up with two with the required positive results (Healthfacts).

Paxil's medication guide includes information on antidepressants, depression and other serious mental disorders and suicidal thoughts or actions (GlaxoSmithKline 2007). It states that these medicines could induce or produce suicidal tendencies in young adults, teenagers and children within the first few… READ MORE

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