Term Paper on "Offered to Explain Aspects of Your Field"

Term Paper 49 pages (13539 words) Sources: 1+

[EXCERPT] . . . .

offered to explain aspects of your field of business?

A theory can have a lot of different meanings and be comprehended in different regions of context. In regards to staff and their state of satiation and production there are a couple of theories that can be utilized. One is that the sentiment of management support is directly linked to employees' flexible efforts to make a corporation victorious. Another theory is that if a corporation has onsite childcare, employees will miss less work and be more productive. Some say job satisfaction is basically how people feel about their jobs and dissimilar facets of their jobs. This supposes that if workers like their jobs or certain facets of their jobs, they will be content or happy. Another theory is that if people feel moderately treated from the results they receive, or the procedures utilized, they will be content. If on the other hand, people feel unjustly treated from the outcomes they obtain, or the procedures utilized to distribute those outcomes, they will be disgruntled. Job satisfaction consists of the feelings and attitudes one has about one's job.

2. How do propositions and hypotheses differ?

Propositions are statements concerned with the relationships amid concepts. A proposition explains the rational connection among certain ideas by avowing a widespread association between concepts. A proposition states that every concept about an event or thing either has an assured property or stands in a certain association other concepts about the event or thing. A hypothesis on the other hand is a proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement concerned with the association amid variables. In order to have a hypothesis one must first have a proposition. Without a proposition there would not be anything for one to test. In other words a proposition is a statement about something that can be judged as either true or false. When the proposition is devised for empirical testing, it is referred to as a hypothesis.

3. How do concepts differ from variables?

A concept is a widespread idea about a class of objects, characteristics, incidences, or procedures that has been given a name. Concepts abstract realism. That is, concepts are articulated in words that refer to a variety of events or objects. Abstract ideas are ideas that scientists use to express the real world. They give universal language for scientists to communicate with each other. They give scientists a way of looking at things while permitting scientists to classify things and generalize from them. Concepts cannot be measured. A variable is anything that may take on different numerical variables. These are empirical representations of concepts that can take on more than one value. There are dependent variables, independent variables and control variables. Dependent variables are also known as outcome variables. They reflect the outcome of a research study. Independent variables are the predictor variables. They have a differing impact on the dependent variable at different values. Control variables are linked to the dependent variable that must be controlled for in order to look at the influence of dependent variable on the independent variable.

4. Comment on this statement: "There is nothing so practical as a good theory."

Theory and practice are necessary together. Theory cannot be proved or refined on its own and practice cannot be resultant without a theory. Consequently, the success of each is dependent on each other based on conditions. Theorists should try to supply new ideas for understanding or conceptualizing a difficult situation, ideas which may suggest potentially productive new avenues of dealing with that circumstance. Conversely, applied researchers should provide theorists with key information and facts pertinent to solving a practical problem, facts that need to be conceptualized in a detailed and logical manner. More normally, theorists should attempt to create theories that can be utilized to solve social or practical troubles, and practitioners and researchers in applied psychology should make use of accessible scientific theory (Vansteenkiste1 and Sheldon, 2006).

5. The 17th-century Dutch philosopher Benedict Spinoza said, "If the facts conflict with a theory, either the theory must be changed or the facts." What is the practical meaning of this statement?

A theory is open to testing and alterations and is not based on previous observed data or evidence while the facts are proven and objective. Because of a theory's subjective nature, when truthful information differs with a theory, then the theory needs to yield and be changed. Theories are forever being amended over time as new findings take place. A theory is based upon formerly observed data and still open to adaptation, therefore still subjective, while facts are concrete and objective. Consequently when factual information contrasts or conflicts with one's theory the agent to be customized is the theory. Theory is thought and research that is under development and should be permitted to change in order to comprise newly discovered objective truths.

6. Find another definition of theory. How the definition you found similar to this book's definitions is: How is it different?

In viewing the term "theory" in the Webster's Dictionary, a definition that is presented is that a theory is a body of theorems presenting a concise systematic view of a subject (Theory, 2011). When defining theory according to Creswell, a theory is a coherent set of general propositions, used as principles of explanation of the apparent relationships of certain observed phenomenon. In this definition the idea of logic was not involved in conceptualizing a theory. A theory can be derived in either an orderly or un-orderly method with room for the abstract or conceptual. Theorems are a deeper level of system organization which further promotes a systematic approach to theory, which is not always necessary. Sometimes things are very obvious while others are not.

References

Theory. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theory

Vansteenkiste1, Maarten and Sheldon, Kennon M. (2006). There's nothing more practical than a good theory: Integrating motivational interviewing and self-determination theory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 63 -- 82.

Conceptual or Theoretical Framework

In formulation of a theoretical viewpoint for studying the attendance and motivation of employees, Frederick Herzberg's motivational theory provides a useful prototype. This theory attempts to explain what pleases and displeases employees about their work. Herzberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction and thus motivation were different from that causing job dissatisfaction. Herzberg developed the motivation-hygiene theory to explain these factors. He called the satisfiers motivators and the dissatisfier's hygiene factors, using the term hygiene in the sense that they are measured maintenance factors that are essential to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction (Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory, 2010).

Herzberg reasoned that since the factors causing satisfaction are different from those causing dissatisfaction, the two feelings cannot merely be treated as opposites of one another. The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather, no satisfaction. Similarly, the opposite of dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction. While at first glance this difference between the two opposites may sound like a play on words, Herzberg argued that there are two distinct human needs portrayed. First, there are physiological needs that can be satisfied by money, for instance, to buy food and shelter. Second, there is the psychological need to attain and grow, and this need is satisfied by activities that cause one to grow (Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory, 2010).

Herzberg determined from the data that the motivators were fundamentals that enriched a person's job; he found five factors in particular that were strong determiners of job satisfaction: attainment, acknowledgment, the work itself, accountability, and development. These motivators or satisfiers were linked with long-term positive effects in job performance while the hygiene factors or dissatisfiers time after time produced only short-term alterations in job attitudes and presentation, which rapidly fell back to its prior level (Gawel, 1997).

If the motivation-hygiene theory holds true, management not only must offer hygiene factors to keep away from worker dissatisfaction, but also must offer factors inherent to the work itself in order for workers to be satisfied with their jobs. Herzberg argued that job enhancement is required for intrinsic motivation, and that it is a continuous management process. According to Herzberg:

The job should have adequate challenge to utilize the full capability of the employee.

Employees who show mounting levels of capability should be given rising levels of accountability.

If a job cannot be intended to utilize an employee's full capabilities, then the firm should believe automating the task or replacing the worker with one who has a lower level of skill. If a person cannot be completely utilized, then there will be a motivation difficulty (Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory, 2010).

Two-factor theory distinguishes between:

Motivators like demanding work, acknowledgment, accountability that give affirmative satisfaction, arising from inherent circumstances of the job itself, such as acknowledgment, accomplishment, or personal growth, and Hygiene factors like status, job safety, salary and fringe benefits that do not give affirmative satisfaction, though displeasure consequences from their nonexistence. These are extrinsic to the work itself, and comprise aspects such as company policies,… READ MORE

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