Thesis on "Management & Leadership Styles in Nursing"

Thesis 5 pages (1289 words) Sources: 5 Style: APA

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Management and Leadership in Nursing

Leadership Styles and Personnel Management:

In modern business management, leadership generally consists of one of several main philosophies. Transactional leadership is oriented toward the specific exchange or transaction of workers' services for a regular salary and other vocational benefits of working (Daft, 2005). In some respects, transactional leadership is a hybrid between a leadership system and a management system, by virtue of the inherent rewards of high performance (i.e. bonuses, salary increases, privileges, and promotions to higher positions) and the inherent consequences of poor performance (Daft, 2005).

One advantage of transactional leadership is that it reduces the need for separate management, which differs in principle from leadership in that it pertains more to employee performance in the context of business operations than in the context of the motivation or the direct oversight of personnel on an individual basis (Russell-Whalling, 2008). A disadvantage of transactional leadership is that it is also associated with "management by exception" and, therefore, may be conducive to an organizational culture of mediocrity since only exceptionally good or unacceptably bad employee performance is addressed directly.

Transformational leadership is much more of a true leadership style than a management system because of its intense focus on the mindset of the individual employee (Daft, 2005). For that reason, transformational leadership is more appropriate to industries that emphasize employee motivation and dedication to an organizational value or philosophy than highly-skilled labor or technical vocational performance. Sales functions and organizational values that promote a specific social concept (such as positive life-change-related products and service or environmental concerns) are best suited to transformational leadership models in general (Daft, 2005).

Charismatic leadership is very similar to transformational leadership except that the primary motivational orientation is directed toward an individual leader rather than to an abstract concept or organizational values. Whereas transformational motivation is generated by the degree to which individuals "buy in" to the organizational values, charismatic motivation is generated by the degree to which individuals admire and emulate the leader himself (Conger & Kanungo, 1998; Myers & Spencer, 2004). Also, much as in the case of transformational leadership, charismatic leadership is completely separate from personnel management functions and better suited to industries where personal commitment is more important to success than technical expertise (Russell-Whalling, 2008).

Finally, the servant leadership style is a method of leadership in which the leader demonstrates what is expected of workers in the organization by his or her own example. It is the least direct and also least intense form of leadership because it emphasizes the indirect or entirely passive communication of values and expectations instead of direct supervision or management (Daft, 2005).

For that reason, the servant style of leadership is most useful in connection with the achievement of specific objectives or projects whose successful achievement is beneficial to the entire organization and to individual workers. Examples would include commitments requiring periodic personal sacrifice in order to win a long-term contract that would increase profits and translate to higher bonuses for workers (Russell-Whalling, 2008). Servant leadership is capable of adaptation to hands-on managers as well as to completely separate management and leadership functions as well (Daft, 2005).

Leadership Roles in Nursing:

Ideally, the nursing profession is most conducive to elements of several management styles because over-reliance on any one formal approach may be insufficient to ensure optimal service in all elements of the profession. To a certain extent, transactional leadership is natural to nursing for several reasons. First, the field requires a long-term commitment in terms of educational requirements and vocational training with the general expectation that the short-term sacrifices necessary to qualify for employment in the field will be worth it in the long run of a rewarding… READ MORE

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