Annotated Bibliography on "International Curriculum and Employability in Multinationals"

Annotated Bibliography 4 pages (1884 words) Sources: 12

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International Business Graduate Education -- an Annotated Bibliography

Burrell, D.N. (2006). Emerging options in doctoral study in management for international executives.

Vikalpa, 31(6), 13-17.

Darrell Norman Burrell makes the argument that universities are now under enormous pressure to provide graduate business program curricula that will prepare their students for employment in multinational firms. This has lead to the Doctor of Management (DM) and to the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA). These approaches focus less on research and more on advanced leadership knowledge that is practical and focused. MBA programs or traditional business Ph.D. programs have been focused on finance, accounting, marketing, operations strategy and quantitative research. DM goes further by considering the importance of developing organizational culture as well as the employees and teams to populate it. People are a major aspect of strategy execution success and managing them is at the pinnacle of business studies. This approach is very interdisciplinary and blends psychology, communications, human resources management, human relations, organizational behavior employee development and traditional management science. The downside of this approach is that it is short on an analysis of technical parts of a business curricula (Burrell, 2006,13-17).

Ahmed, A.F. (2009). The employability of graduates in competitive organisations. Business Intelligence Journal, 2(2), 288-318.

In an article from Malaysia by Abdul Farouk Ahmed, he questions how to make Malaysian graduate business studies more relevant to compete in the international market. He borrows from and adapts the experiences of Case Western Reserve University where their MBA programs were changed to emphasize the overall "soft skills" of leadership and team building over more technical issues. Needless to say, it became one of the most innovative of the university programs in the U.S. For innovation in graduate business curricula. On the hiring side of the equation, one must look at what multinational companies are actually looking for at the present time. Ahmed claims that this is teamwork and leadership in graduate business students. The best advantage of this approach is that it is focused on people, the basic resource of any company (Ahmed, 2009, 288).

Khan, S. (2007). Investigating technicist-managerialism in the values endorsed in mba programmes.

Business Review, 2(1), 77-98.

Graduate business programs in Pakistan are trying to standardize curricula are looking to a combination of technological with leadership. This is not the most innovative idea however. They also emphasize leadership. In the article by Sarah Khan, she noted that management education in the United States originated in the U.S. Military at West Point to deal with the needs of leading large organizations. Given the huge success of former West Point graduates and of the graduate programs of the U.S. Command and General Staff College in all corporations, especially international, it is clear that many U.S. military graduates already have excellent leadership qualities at least one degree level advanced over that of their contemporaries (Khan, 2007, 77). Again, as in many approaches that center on management, they do it at the expense of technical skills.

Zhiwen, G. (2009). Employability enhancement of business graduates in china: reacting upon challenges of globalization and labour market demands. Estudos do Trabalho, 3(4), 1-26.

According to Guo Zhiwen of Hubei University Wuhan, Hubei, China, Chinese graduate programs are also very keen on making sure that their graduate business curricula prepare their students for employment in the multinational global market. The exposure of the Chinese educational system to Western economic and educational influences has made them seek to prepare their graduate business students to complete in that market. Given the newness of Chinese graduate business programs, management training is highest on the list of additions and developments. As noted above, an emphasis upon leadership over computer or other technical skills is on the move in China.

(Zhiwen, 2009, 2).

Rosso, M.A., McClelland, M.K., McClelland, B.J., & Fleming, S.W. (2009). Using google adwords in the mba mis course. Journal of International Systems Education, 20(2), 1-10.

A very interesting technical approach seeks to apply the lessons of Google Adword SEO training into graduate business programs. From February to June of 2008, Google ran its student competition when it sponsored the student Web search in the 2008 Google Online Marketing Challenge (GOMC). The GOMC augmented a graduate business program. There was also feedback from the participating students. The project stimulated much interest in the nexus of marketing and Web technology.

In particular, the focus was upon the utilization of Google Ad words to advance marketing efforts. Unfortunately for scholars, a disadvantage is Google's concern over the protection of proprietary technology that prohibits specific case studies (Rosso, McClelland, McClelland & Fleming, 2009, 3). However, basic SEO technology knowledge of Google and other Internet marketing will be an integral part of any graduate business program that will have an edge in competition in the multinational corporate market. Schools must balance off protection of proprietary secrets with exposure to what companies crave-technical marketing skills.

Jackson, G. (2008). Profiling industry-relevant management graduate competencies: the need for a fresh approach. International Journal of Management Education, 8(1), 85-98.

Frequently, companies complain that graduate business schools do not provide them with the skills that they need. For this reason, the profiling of core competencies expected is becoming central to the curricula of many graduate business programs. What Denise Jackson posits that is very different in this profiling is that The University of Western Australia is focusing on getting their graduate business students ready for entry level positions and not higher positions. Positions in multinational companies are expecting competency and value to be added on day one of the person's employment. Therefore, it is a winning proposition to develop competency lists. Checking them frequently against the courses being taught is a key ingredient to success (Jackson, 2008, 92).

Lefrere, P. (2007). Competing higher education futures in a globalising world. European Journal of Education, 42(2), 201-212.

Lefrere looks overseas for new examples for graduate business school programs to emulate. In his study, he collects information from recent European conferences attended by senior decision-makers

. According to Lefrere, these leaders are looking to Dubai and the rest of the UAE to offer a new test ground. He claims that they are a good competitive environment for tests of variants on European approaches to business in order to deliver post-course success (i.e., jobs). Companies in Dubai appreciate the programs of universities from Singapore which offer advice on study

skills and entrepreneurship as opposed to those from the U.S. And Australia which offer industrially-

recognized courses, advanced technology and also courses on innovation and entrepreneurship. The advantage of such an approach is that it incorporates a number of approaches. Unfortunately, it is also not focused (Lefrere, 2007, 201).

Barclay, D.W., Deutscher, T.H., & Vandenbosch, M.H. (2007). Business marketing in master's programs: a part of the fabric. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing,, 14(1), 31-51.

Marketing is the core issue in other graduate business curricula. In this

article, the authors demonstrate theoretical/marketplace rationale for repositioning business marketing in an MBA curriculum. They propose a template to guide the process. This includes key business market and business marketing concepts. While this approach is an advantage, the downside is that faculty have to cooperate in incorporating these lessons and this does not always happen

Temtime, Z.T., & Mmereki, R.N. (2011). Meeting the challenge of rapid change: re-engineering the mba mis course. Quality Assurance in Education, 19(2),

A study by Temtime and Mmereki found that there is a need for improved managerial skills, career development and also broader business insights. Companies see these as the major improvements needed to the curricula of business graduate programs. The competitive nature of the present market is focusing everything upon getting hired and retaining a position. In the case of this study there was more of an emphasis upon conceptual, analytical and technical skills than on problem solving, communication and entrepreneurial skills. These are perceived to be most relevant by employers. Again, the downside is bringing faculty over to this point-of-view (Temtime & Mmereki, 2011, 123).

Griffith, S.H., Star, C., & Griffith, W.G. (2009). Facing up to the challenge: why is it so hard to develop graduate attributes?. Higher Education Research and Development, 28(1), 17-29.

According to a study in Higher Education Research and Development, prospects are dim for the reform of university graduate business curricula. Universities are belatedly accepting their vocational roles. Stakeholders like government and business as well as universities are seriously out of touch with the kind of cultural, institutional and policy changes that are required to implement a graduate skills agenda. This study claims that given the amount of the infrastructural change necessary, progress will be slow in adapting existing programs (Griffith, Star & Griffith, 2009, 111-112 .

Skulmoski, G.J., Hartman, F.T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The delphi method for graduate research.

Journal of Information Technology Education, 6, 1-21.

An innovative method called the Delphi method for graduate research in graduate business is an innovative direction that is being pursued to reform business curricula. It uses information systems to more systematically coordinate and develop profiling about what international… READ MORE

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