Thesis on "India Pakistan Conflicts"

Thesis 8 pages (2332 words) Sources: 6 Style: APA

[EXCERPT] . . . .

India-Pakistan Conflict

A GLOBALLY CATASTROPHIC COMMUNICATION GAP

India

The Republic of India measures 3.1 million square kilometers and is located on the Indian Plate in South Asia (BBC, 2009). It has the second largest population in the world with 1.2 billion people, according to United Nations 2008 statistics. Mumbai or Bombay as the most populated city while the capital is New Delhi. Its total land measurement excludes the Indian-administered Kashmir, which is the central conflict with Pakistan. Indians speak Hindi, English and at least 16 other official languages. The major religions are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism. Life expectancy is 63 years for men and 66 for women, according to UN figures (BBC).

The country's monetary unit is the Indian Rupee (BBC, 2009). Its major exports are agricultural products, textile, gems and jewelry, software services and technology, engineering items, chemicals, and leather products. The World Bank listed its GNI per capita at U.S.$950 in 2007. Pratibha Patil was voted as president by 308 million of its people in July 2007, the first female in India's history. It is the world's largest democracy and now considered a major power after foreign domination and a virtually dead economy.

Today, India's economy is fast-growing, sustains a skilled labor force and suffers from widespread poverty (BBC, 2009). It is also fast developing nuclear capabilities. It tested these capabilities in the 70s and in the 90s in disregard of world opinion. Despite these new capabilities, India confronts large social, economic and environmental problems. The problems seem to have been the long-term effects of subjugation to foreign rule from the early 80s to 1947. Its ongoing and fiery conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir and its developing nuclear resources have kept the global community on the edge (BBC).

Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan evolved from the partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947 (BBC, 2009). This modern state measures 796 square kilometers, excluding the Pakistani-administered Kashmir. According to the 2008 UN records, Pakistan has 167 million people. Its largest city is Karachi and the capital is Islamabad. The people's major languages are English, Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi. Islam is the major religion. Life expectancy is 65 years for men and 66 for women. The Pakistani rupee is the official monetary unit. The country's GNI per capita was U.S.$870, according to the 2007 World Bank reports. Its main exports are textile, rice, cotton and leather goods. The people voted Asif Ali Zardari as president on September 6, 2008 by a large majority (BBC).

Since its political separation from the Indian sub-continent in 1947, Pakistan has encountered domestic political turmoil and regional upheavals (BBC, 2009). Before the partition, Pakistan was in two parts, the east wing and the west wing. The east wing, now Bangladesh, is located on the Bay of Bengal, which borders India and Burma. The west wing is Pakistan today and it stretches from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea. The split occurred in 1971 when the Bengali-speaking east separated from the west wing with the help of India. The disputed northern territory of Kashmir was been the fierce pursuit of India-Pakistan wars in 1947-1948, in 1965 and in 1999 (BBC).

Kashmir and the Arms Race

The dispute over Kashmir began since the split and repeatedly brought the two sides into bloody confrontations (BBC, 2009). India accused that Pakistan refused to cooperate with police investigations on the November 2008 attacks on Mumbai. A peace process was attempted in 2004 during which Pakistani militants were blamed for the attacks. But the peace attempt was stalled right the following month. In May 1998, news that the two nations were conducting nuclear tests made the international community cringe with apprehension. The U.S. quickly entered the scene and sanctioned India. More recently, the two countries were said to have improved their ties. They even agreed to share individual nuclear technology. At present, India launches its own satellite, the first one on the moon in 2008. It even runs a large and successful cinema industry, Bollywood, one of the most watched in the world. Yet widespread poverty continues to afflict its rural populace. The majority of its people remain illiterate and poor. They remain oppressed by the ancient Hindu caste system, which fixes the place of each person in society (BBC).

Bidding for Kashmir were India's 1 billion people and Pakistan's 145 million (New

York Times Upfront, 2002). India's military complement was 900,000 more than Pakistan's. But about 1.4 million Pakistanis reach military age every year than those actually serving in the military. If India could increase the number of efficient ships to 75%, it could send about 55 to sea at any given day. It could also send 3,500 tanks to battle if 5% of these incurred mechanical failure (New York Times Upfront).

The First Summit, a Failure

Negotiations during the first summit over crucial phrases and clauses in theAgra Declaration stretched through the night but failed (Popham, 2001). Pakistan initially attempted to have India accept that the central issue to be resolved was Kashmir. India earlier demanded for the elimination of cross-border terrorism by Pakistan. Five drafts of the documents changed hands but the parties did not reach an agreement. General Mursharraf told senior Induan journalists that the Pakistanis did not trust the Indian government in denying that Kashmir was the issue (New York Times Upfront).

Cultural Differences between Pakistanis and Indians

Geographically, India and Pakistan have their separate and unique environments (Khan, 2009). Pakistan lies at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. India lies at the core of South Asia. Racially or genetically, Pakistanis are 70% Caucasoid, 20% Australoid-Negroid and 10% Mongoloid. Most of them are tall and fair-skinned like Middle Eastern and Mediterranean people. The most Caucasoid are the Pashtuns. Their Australoid-Negroid and Mongoloid features are well-incorporated into the dominant Caucasoid genes while retaining distinct racial characteristics. On the other hand, Indians are 50% Australoid-Negroid by race, 35% Caucasoid and 15% Mongoloid. They have dark skin complexion with wider noses and shorter stature. Their Australoid-Dravidoid features are more common along lower caste Indians, South Indians, and Eastern and Central Indians. The Caucasoid strain is dominant among Northwest Indians and those in higher castes. The Mongoloid racial strain dominates among Northeast Indians and border regions with China (Khan).

These two peoples also have distinct cultures, traditions and customs (Khan, 2009). Pakistani men and women wear the shalwar kamiz. Their food consists mainly of wheat as staple and meaty dishes. The Pashto, Punjabi, Balochi, Sindhi and other groups have their distinct music, instruments, patterns and styles. They engage in metal work, tiles, furniture, runs, designs and paintings, literature, and calligraphy, which are distinctively their own. Their architecture is also unique and distinct with Islamic styles. Their manners and lifestyles are a blending of Islamic and local traditions. Indian men and women, on the other hand, wear the dhoti. They eat mostly vegetarian foods. Rice the main staple in the north and west, and rice in the south and east. Music and dances are also unique to the Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil and the Bengalis. Their architecture is also uniquely Hindu in style. Their manners and lifestyles are mostly guided by Hinduism.

Their languages are also distinct. Pakistanis speak 99% Indo-Iranian (Khan, 2009).

This is a branch of Indo-European languages. All these languages are written in Perso-Arabic script. Much of the vocabulary was drawn from Arabic and Persian languages. Pakistanis speak Punjabi, Seraiki, Sindhi, Pashto, Urdu, Balochi and Kashmiri. Indians also speak Indo-Iranan at 69%, Dravidian at 26% and Sino-Tibetan and Austro-Asiatic at 5%. These are unrelated and separate languages. Most of them are written in Brahmi scripts, such as Devangari, Gurmukhi, and Tamil. Among the mother tongues in India's states are Punjabi and Naga (Khan).

Pakistani Punjabi is distinguishable in vocabulary, dialect and writing script from Indian Punjabi (Khan, 2009). The Indian Punjabi is the language of Sikhs who consider themselves distinct from other Indians. They have been fighting for independence.

Meanwhile, Hindi is the mother tongue of the majority in India. In comparison, Urdu is the mother tongue of only 8% Pakistanis. Urdu's writing script and vocabulary evolved from Arabic and Persian. Meanwhile, the Hindi vocabulary was derived from Sanskrit

and is written in Devangari script. Most Pakistanis and Indians can understand English

and watch American or British movies without losing their culture and nationality

Non-Verbal Communication among Pakistanis

A survey conducted among Pakistani students revealed the power of non-verbal communication in the classroom (Hassan, 2007). A sampling of 241 college boy and girl students from six different colleges of Muzaffargarh in Pakistani Punjab district responded to the survey. It found that students were not only conscious of the teacher's non-verbal communication. Teaching and learning success also depended a great deal on this type of communication. The result should be of particular interest to Pakistani teachers who believe in innovative and reflective teaching styles and to education policy makers. It suggested that non-verbal communication should be an essential part… READ MORE

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