Term Paper on "Hate Crimes"
Term Paper 3 pages (1015 words) Sources: 3 Style: APA
[EXCERPT] . . . .
Hate Crimes"A hate crime is a criminal offense committed against persons, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by an offender's bias against an individual's or a group's race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability or sexual orientation. (Definition developed at the 1998 IACP Summit on Hate Crime in America)." (Turner, 2008).
Legal definitions of hate crimes vary by jurisdiction.
"The federal definition of hate crimes addresses civil rights violations under 18 U.S.C. Section 245." (Turner, 2008).
State definitions of hate crimes vary.
Some local governmental units, such as counties or cities, also have hate crime legislation.
Hate crime legislation generally does not create a new crime, but provides for enhanced penalties for existing crimes, such as assault, vandalism, etc., when the victim is targeted because of a protected personal characteristic.
C. Hate crimes differ from normal crimes.
"Hate crimes are often especially brutal or injurious." (Turner, 2008).
2. "Victim(s) usually feel traumatized and terrified," and this terror spills over into the communities that share the targeted characteristics. (Turner, 2008).
3. Hate crimes can cause community unrest, escalate prejudice, and prompt retaliation. (Turner, 2008).
II. History
Hate crimes probably predate written history, but written histories are replete with stories about individuals being targeted for violence or harassment because of race, religio
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In the United States, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began to formally investigate hate crimes in the early 1920s, when it opened its first Ku Klux Klan case. (FBI, 2008).
The FBI's role in investigating hate crimes increased during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, which saw an increase in race-motivated violence.
The term 'hate crime' did not enter the nation's vocabulary until the 1980s, when emerging hate groups like the Skinheads launched a wave of bias-related crime." (FBI, 2008).
The federal government enacted specific hate crimes statutes in the 1990s.
III. Legislation
A. A substantial portion of hate crimes are prosecuted under the federal civil rights statutes.
1. 18 U.S.C.S. 241 - Conspiracy Against Rights
2. 18 U.S.C.S. 242 - Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law
3. 18 U.S.C.S. 245 - Federally Protected Activities
4. 18 U.S.C.S. 247 - Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996
5. 18 U.S.C.S. 248 - Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act
6. 18 U.S.C.S. 844(h) - Federal Explosives Control Statute
7. 42 U.S.C.S. 3631 - Criminal Interference with Right to Fair Housing
8. 42 U.S.C.S. 14141 - Pattern and Practice
B. There are also federal laws specifically addressing hate crimes.
1. 28 U.S.C.S 534 - the Hate Crime Statistics Act a. Enacted in 1990.
b. Required the Justice Department to acquire data on crimes based on racial, religious, sexual orientation, or ethnic prejudice, and to publish annual findings. (Anti-Defamation League, 2006).
Expanded to include crimes based on bias towards disability by the Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 102-322, 108 Stat. 1796. (Anti-Defamation League, 2006).
Hate Crimes Sentencing Act
Enacted as 280003 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.… READ MORE
Quoted Instructions for "Hate Crimes" Assignment:
“Develop an outline of a critical issue in criminal justice that you would like to examine in detail (this outline will be used later for your final project). **I chose the topic Hate Crimes. The outline should clearly specify the issue you are examining, should indicate why you believe it to be an issue worth examining, and should include a bibliography. The bibliography should include @ least 3 current references (not more than three years old). The length of the outline should be no more than 1000 words double-spaced.
For the outline, I was thinking of maybe something along these lines as a starting point:
definition of hate crime
history of hate crimes
cases that have been charged as hate crime (Matthew Shepard, James Byrd, Jr., Jena 6, etc)
hate crime laws that have been passed
How to Reference "Hate Crimes" Term Paper in a Bibliography
“Hate Crimes.” A1-TermPaper.com, 2008, https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/hate-crimes-crime/6440531. Accessed 6 Jul 2024.
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