Term Paper on "Global Corporate Finance"

Term Paper 7 pages (1983 words) Sources: 4 Style: APA

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Global Corporate Finance

With the breakdown of the Soviet Union and the apparition of new states on the world map, correlated with strong economic developments in countries formerly categorized as developing, new corporations from countries like Kazakhstan, Hungary, Vietnam or Poland began to play an important role on the international financial markets. The strong economic growth in their countries of origin and the underlying profitable economic returns that could be obtained pushed companies from developing countries to seek sources of finance outside their own countries in order to finance their businesses and speculate the current profitable economic conditions.

On the other hand, before the globalization phenomenon, their access to foreign and international capital would have been most likely either impossible or extremely difficult. However, globalization, besides encouraging a liberal movement of goods and services, also encouraged the move of capital from country to country and towards businesses that could afford the interest rates and still remain profitable. In the current conjuncture, the favorable economic conditions in the countries of origin are also in line with the access and availability of international capital, either in the form of foreign credits, international bank loans, international bond emissions and, even more and more in the last years, listing on foreign stock exchanges.

While this is certainly spurring the capacity of these companies to develop at this point, risks still remain in terms of their capacity to regulate their cost of capital and to remain not only profitable, but also solvable. Additionally, these companies a

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re more vulnerable to global crisis, especially financial crisis.

Summary

The article starts with interesting statistics on the corporations based in developing countries, on their level of foreign investments and their capacity to raise capital on international markets. As such, in 2006, companies from developing countries have raised $156 billion through international offerings of corporate debt and equity, as well as $245 billion in syndicated bank loans. Further more, capital was raised through direct listings on foreign stock exchanges as well, with 394 developing countries companies being listed on foreign exchanges (World Bank, 2007).

On the other hand, these companies have also been involved in important investments overseas, translating the loans and capital attracted on the international markets. The figures show bids for foreign companies amounting $100 billion in 2006, a figure which sustains the global participation of these companies on the foreign markets, not only as receivers of capital, but also as distributors of capitals and full players in the globalization process.

The access of these companies on the financial markets has not been made immediately, but through a process that involved their adaptation to corporate governance requirements on the international markets. These include complying with issues such as standards for financial accounting and transparency in accounting processes and corporate governance control mechanisms.

Not all companies can afford this and the article draws general characteristics of companies in developing countries that do have access to international financial markets. These are generally large companies, with current high growth, but also high potential in further development. In some countries, they are based on the value of the national resources and they have developed in sectors such as mining or oil exploitation, but in others they are in the banking, trade or infrastructure sectors.

On the other hand, the article also points out towards a current shift in the geographical origin of the players of the international financial markets. While in the 1990s, these generally were players from Latin America or from the countries in East Asia, now corporations in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (notably Kazakhstan) are beginning to take the forefront as the most important players. The growth of these corporations is stimulated by the high levels of growth in the countries of origin, by the availability of resources and also by the diversification of the financial markets in order to allow for different crediting and investing instruments for emerging markets in these areas.

Important risks remain, both for the creditors and the investors, especially given the current openness towards risk on the international markets. This, correlated with potential poor governance or poor governmental supervision, could lead to excessive borrowing levels from companies in developing countries and, in the case of an economic recession or of potential bankruptcy threats for these companies, to affecting the financing capacity of such companies in the long-term.

The local governments might be affected as well, because the private corporate financial problems might reflect on the governmental capacity to borrow on international market and to issue bonds at lower interest rates. In this sense, the corporate activity and corporate governance of companies in developing countries is closely related with the governmental macroeconomic measures and the capacity of the local governments to stimulate a credible and sustainable growth, while ensuring that norms are respected.

The conclusions that the article draws are directed towards several coordinates. First of all, the article proposes the idea that the "pace of the globalization of corporations in the development world is likely to intensify" (World Bank, 2007), along with the presence of these companies on international financial markets. Arguments for this rely on the estimation on increased share from developing countries companies into the overall global output that will need sources of financing available on international markets.

On the other hand, the increasing incomes and revenues from exports will also lead to increased borrowing from capital markets. This will increase not only the company's creditworthiness on international markets, but also the country's, with higher access on financial markets. Smaller borrowers from developing countries are also likely to appear on the financial market and become important players once the initial expenses are overcome. Finally, internal economic reforms are likely to make way for future borrowing potential. For example, the countries in Eastern Europe have recently joined the European Union and have implemented the EU acquis, which imposes several accounting and business-related regulations. Their internal markets have also become more regulated which has impacted the activity of the local corporations.

The article also recommends that risk management instruments become more wide-spread in the developing countries companies, as a natural consequence of an increasing exposure to risk, due to the presence on international markets. These types of hedging instruments may minimize losses in the case of international financial crisis, as the ones occurring in the late 1990s in East Asia or Russia that affected the development of companies in developing countries.

The effects of those crises have increased risk awareness. Some of the financial indicators show this. For example, the debt to equity ratio in developing countries companies has decreased from 60% in 1997 to 40% in 2005 (World Bank, 2007), coming to show that, despite greater access to international financial markets, the companies are also more prudent in contracting debt.

The article also shows the improvements that the presence of these corporations in the globalization framework can bring about. These include an improvement of corporate governance and imposing the need to bring about more rules and regulations on the internal markets as well, along with the need to have a sustainable macroeconomic policy in all these countries.

Analysis/critical evaluation

The article does an excellent job of presenting the current trend of the impact of globalization on corporations in developing countries and emerging markets, as well as in evaluating the challenges that affect the developing countries corporate finances today and the potential development in the future. The idea that globalization was the most important factor that opened the financial markets to developing countries companies is not new. It explains, on one hand, the increase in revenues and growth of companies in developing countries: they afforded to borrow more on the open international markets than before as they presented credentials in the form of assets.

On the other hand, it became more than that. The access to international financial markets was also an access to the corporate governance rules that governed these markets, along with the necessity to adapt to those rules. The article is keen in pointing this out several times as perhaps the most important advantage that derived from globalization of the financial markets into the developing countries. The capacity to obtain a syndicated bank loan would imply that a number of prestigious international financial entities forming the loan would need to analyze the company's business and activity and evaluate its capacity to pay its debt. This also meant that transparency and proper corporate governance were encouraged and that these needed to be in line with international requirements. In fact, these become "key constraints to better access market - based sources of funding." (Mathieson, 2004)

The tendency of companies in developing countries and emerging markets to deleverage after the Asian Crisis was emphasized in other studies as well (IMF, 2005). The article here presented showed a drop in the debt to equities assets from 60% to 40% in 2005. This is in line with a natural tendency to reduce risk after a large global financial crisis, but also to be more aligned to… READ MORE

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Quoted Instructions for "Global Corporate Finance" Assignment:

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PLease make sure articles are scholarly or peer reviewed.

Instructions

In FIN 610 each student is required to complete a paper that demonstrates effective communication skills, research competence, and technology fluency. The paper should demonstrate the ability to clearly communicate ideas about financial management in a professional manner and tone. Research for the paper can be conducted using the UMUC online library as a primary source, as well as industry and trade references. The paper should be created using word processing and other software programs to exhibit the student*****s ability to prepare technology-enhanced documents and/or presentations.

Effective communication includes appropriate writing style, organization, grammar, and spelling, as well as the ability to integrate course-related material and research. The paper should link concepts studied in the course to real-world organizations and the environments in which they operate. Research competency is evidenced by the student*****s ability to formulate a viable thesis or relevant research topic, select scholarly references and resources, and using sources in an ethical way to support of refute research. Technological fluency is apparent in the uses of technology in academic studies and in understanding its application in work and everyday life.

The paper should select an article from either the ABI/INFORM, Business Source Premier databases or other good sources identified in this syllabus. Your topic should cover one of the following six subjects that have been identified as issues that have significant impact on the financial decisions of managers and that are covered in varying depth in FIN 610.

Value-Based Management

Corporate Governance

Disclosure and Financial Reporting

Ethics Electronic Commerce

Globalization

The paper should be 8-10 double-spaced pages and consist of the following: Introduction/summary, analysis/critical evaluation and conclusions. In addition to the primary article selected, the student needs to perform additional research to support the analysis/critical evaluation portion of the paper. At least three sources should be included in the references of your paper.

In terms of content, the paper should do the following:

1. Clearly state the issues being addressed and describe the organization(s) that are affected.

For example, the student could decide to address the financial ramifications of actions to reduce pollution. Some articles suggest that companies' efforts to improve the environment are reflected in their financial performance. Other articles indicate that ethical policies can be costly and often are not financially rewarding. If the student chooses this topic for an ethics paper, he or she would identify the financial issues for the affected organization.

A paper on corporate governance article would review the historical methods (Corporate Boards, Audit Committees, compensation policies) for aligning managerial and employee behavior with that of stakeholders. In addition, an evaluation should consider any current proposals in the reviewed article to reform governance (laws, restructuring of Corporate Boards and Audit Committees, more aggressive active by the SEC and so on).

A paper on electronic commerce article could explore the impact of changes in information technology and the financial impact of such changes on the structure of industries and in the ways companies compete, demonstrate how the organization's financial success is now being or will be affected in the future by the issues, e.g., costs, access to capital, revenues, risks.

2. Evaluate the position(s) taken in the article. Are there particular strengths or weaknesses in the accompanying arguments?

3. What is your assessment, given the views in the article and other research conducted? Conclusions need to be supported by solid reporting analysis and logical reasoning.

Paper Format Guidelines

The paper should be between 8-10 pages, plus any appendices, exhibits, and references, and prepared using word processing software.

Appendices, exhibits, graphs, and other references may take the form of spreadsheet and/ or PowerPoint inserts that demonstrate an understanding of technology tools used in financial management and demonstrate student use of technology enhanced presentations.

Properly cited reference sources are required. These may include course material, information from magazines, journals, and online sources. All reference sources must have a publication date no earlier than 2003 . Contact the instructor for permission to use sources published prior to 2003. Note: When using online references, abstracts should not be used. Use full-text articles. The pdf version typically prints out in the same format (e.g., exact page numbers) as the article appeared in the journal.

The paper will be graded for writing style, organization, grammar, and spelling, as well as for analysis and content. The writing style must follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Citations for online sources should include the online address (URL) and access date as well as the citation for the specific reference. See the Student Writing Resources Page for further guidelines about form and policies.

Post your paper in the public conference "Completed Short Papers" conference by the end of session 9. In addition, the author should facilitate the threaded discussion of their paper by classmates and the instructor.

Each student is responsible for posting substantive comments to the papers of at least three classmates. This will be counted towards the course participation grade. Failure to make the required postings will result in deductions to the participation grade.

Late papers will be penalized five points for each day after the due date.

Information on Data Sources (if needed)

Research for the paper can be--and is strongly recommended--to be conducted online using the UMUC online library as your primary source. When you download from online library, do not use abstracts, but use full-text articles: the pdf version typically prints out in the same format (e.g., exact page numbers) as the article appeared in the journal. You may find relevant and useful information for your paper from the following UMUC library sources, which you can access with Library Option at the top of the Web Tycho classroom screen:

Business and Company Resource Center:

Industry rankings, financial data, and investment reports including company profiles, products and brand information, investment reports, statistics, company financial overviews, financial ratios, and business events and trends. Some sources from 1985 to the present.

Business and Industry:

Business, finance, strategy, planning, marketing, and international business journal articles from 1994 to the present.

Mergent Online:

This is an excellent database for research on company and industry information. In it you will find data about United States and international companies, including history, business, property, subsidiaries, officers, directors, long-term debt, bond ratings, capital stock, income statement, balance sheet, statements of cash flow, exchange and ticker symbol, ratios, annual stock price ranges, stock splits, dividend payment history and more. You'll also retrieve Edgar filings dating back to 1993 and updated daily as well as industry reports on selected industries. A short tutorial is at http://polaris.umuc.edu/~solson/mergent/Mergent_Excel.htm that you may want to share with faculty and students if that is the type of information they need.

Here's additional information for library support.

UMUC's department of Information and Library Services (www.umuc.edu/library/) provides round-the-clock chat and e-mail reference services. Librarians are available to take you through the actual steps of searching for information: logging in to a database, entering search terms, and retrieving articles.

UMUC's Library Databases and E-Journals website (www.umuc.edu/library/database/) has been improved for easier access. A guide to using UMUC's library databases is available at www.umuc.edu/library/database/myguide.html .

In addition to the above library data sources, you may also find useful financial information from the following Internet Web sources. You may have to register for them (although they are free). In no order of priority:

Yahoo: http://finance.yahoo.com;

Reuters (Yahoo will refer you here): www.reuters.com;

Edgar (SEC source of 10-K and other required financial reports; this is my saved "Favorite"): www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/srch-edgar; (EDGAR stands for Electronic Data Gathering and Retrieval)

Hoovers (general company information): www.hoovers.com;

Bloomberg (a good source of interest rate data): http://bloomberg.com/markets/rates/index.html;

Wall Street Journal free site: http://online.wsj.com/public/page/0,,2_0323,00.html;

Moody's (bond ratings): www.moodys.com;

Standard and Poors (bond ratings): http://www2.standardandpoors.com;

New York Stock Exchange: http://www.nyse.com/;

Bondpage (bond information): www.bondpage.com;

Federal Reserve (interest rates): http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/update/;

Vanguard bond site: http://flagship2.vanguard.com/VGApp/hnw/FundsBondsMarketSummaryTable; and

Bond Marketing Association (trade group) site: http://www.investingbonds.com.

Grading Criteria

The paper will be graded for:

Grading Criterion

1.

Meets expectations for content and purpose of the assignment.

2.

Develops a clearly articulated and original thesis and/or main idea that are consistent with expectations of content and purpose.

3.

Organizes ideas in clear and sequential paragraphs that logically reinforce the main idea.

4.

Incorporates sufficient use of appropriate research, supporting evidence, and relevant sources.

5.

Uses language and tone appropriate for the assignment.

6.

Critically evaluates information and/or data within boundaries established by the main idea.

7.

Conforms to APA and/or additional guidelines from the instructor.

8.

Displays sound grammar, spelling, and appropriate conventions.

How to Reference "Global Corporate Finance" Term Paper in a Bibliography

“Global Corporate Finance.” A1-TermPaper.com, 2007, https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830. Accessed 5 Oct 2024.

Global Corporate Finance (2007). Retrieved from https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830

A1-TermPaper.com. (2007). Global Corporate Finance. [online] Available at: https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830 [Accessed 5 Oct, 2024].

”Global Corporate Finance” 2007. A1-TermPaper.com. https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830.

”Global Corporate Finance” A1-TermPaper.com, Last modified 2024. https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830.

[1] ”Global Corporate Finance”, A1-TermPaper.com, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830. [Accessed: 5-Oct-2024].

1. Global Corporate Finance [Internet]. A1-TermPaper.com. 2007 [cited 5 October 2024]. Available from: https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830

1. Global Corporate Finance. A1-TermPaper.com. https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/global-corporate-finance/71830. Published 2007. Accessed October 5, 2024.

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