Term Paper on "Fate Society and Determinism"

Quoted Instructions for "Fate Society and Determinism" Assignment:

open to all *****s!

[A1102297/ PAPER ID 70259]

** Timeframe is flexible-- need in 2 weeks by Sunday, Dec. 3rd. Take your time. I paid for 1 day service (because I feel the high quality of your work is worth the 1 day price) however you can take up to 2 weeks. Thanks.

10 page research paper on Fate, Society & Determinism in The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton and Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert, 6+ sources. A clear, concise thesis is needed.

The research concept focuses on the two protagonists in Wharton’s The House of Mirth and Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Lily and Emma. Explore how matters of social and economic class play a role in the ultimate destruction of these two women and if they were subsequently fated to die under these societal pressures. In Madame Bovary, Rodolpe claims "fate is to blame" and Emma says "fate willed it this way." How does the nature of provincial society and the people around her make Emma's unhappiness inevitable with fate as the backdrop for disaster? Also, In The House of Mirth, how does all the wealth and privilege surrounding Lily make her unhappiness inevitable? To what degree do they have power over their own destiny? Were their deaths inevitable and necessary, or could they have recovered and found a way back into mainstream society? A clear thesis is needed, supported throughout. The prompt I gave is just a suggestion. You can do anything involving both Bovary and Mirth. Annotated bibliography below.

*Annotated bibliography----

“The American Experience: Andrew Carnegie—The Gilded Age.” PBS Online. 1999. 1

Oct. 2006 .

Provides a historical overview of the excesses of the Gilded Age, and thus provides helpful background for the setting of Wharton’s novel. Offers such facts as “Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish once threw a dinner party to honor her dog who arrived sporting a $15,000 diamond collar,” although “in 1890, 11 million of the nation's 12 million families earned less than $1,200 per year,” in America. Shows the disparity in wealth and opportunities for all Americans during the era when Lily lived, and helps to suggest why Lily might be seen as forced to choose between wealth and marriage, and the life of an impoverished seamstress. Site provides a useful historical timeline.

Byatt, A.S. “Scenes from Provincial Life.” The Guardian. July 27, 2002. Oct 1 2006.

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Byatt examines Flaubert’s fated heroine in terms of her social placement in society. This noted contemporary British author, whose novels such as Angels and Insects frequently discuss sexual repression during the Victorian age, offers a highly sympathetic view of Flaubert’s doomed heroine, calling Emma an imaginative woman “trapped in a house and kitchen,” and portrays the novel less of a critique of the dangers of reading, as Byatt herself first ‘read’ it, but as a criticism of the shallow values of the emerging bourgeois society of Flaubert’s era. Byatt offers an interesting perspective on Flaubert’s possible motivations for creating a heroine destined to die in a materialist world.

Deppman, Jed. “History with style: the impassible writing of Flaubert - Gustave

Flaubert.” Style. 1996. Oct 1 2006.
mi_m2342/is_n1_v30/ai_18631915>.

Deppman discusses the tension between historical verisimilitude in portraying society with the need to create artistic prose in Flaubert—addresses questions as to whether Emma dies from an overdose of art, and as a result of her own psychological makeup, or if her end is deterministically driven and is a product of societal forces.

Duckworth, Lorna. “`Madame Bovary syndrome' sends record number of women

bankrupt.” The Independent. July 23, 2001. 1 Oct 2006.
com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010723/ai_>.

Duckworth examines Madame Bovary as a contemporary societal phenomenon in modern Briton, as the need to ‘keep up with the Joneses’ in terms of conspicuous consumption driving women into excessive spending. Emma’s end, viewed as such, is not a product of internal ennui but of social competition. Although noteworthy, the article primarily focuses on monetary concepts, with little discussion on how consumption led to her downfall.

Ebert, Rodger. “Madame Bovary.” Film review of 1991 Chabrol version. The Chicago

Sun Times. December 25, 1991. Oct 1 2006. .

Despite the fact that this is published as a film review of the 1991 version of “Madame Bovary,” popular film critic Rodger Ebert spends little page space reviewing the film, and instead tends to focus on why Madame Bovary is not an appropriate or likeable heroine for contemporary American viewers. Specifically, he focuses on her suicide as the ‘reason’ that she cannot be seen as a role model. He compares her with whom he sees as the quintessential American coquette/literary and cinematic parallel, Scarlett O’Hara, but writes “the difference between Bovary and O'Hara is in how they react to misfortune, and their different styles say a great deal about the differences between France and America: Emma kills herself, while Scarlett plants potatoes.”

Ebert, Roger. “The House of Mirth.” Film review of 2000 Terrence Davies version.

The Chicago Sun Times. December 22, 2000. 1 Oct. 2006. .

Ebert, despite his dismissal view of Madame Bovary as a depressed, suicidal middle-class woman, finds Lilly Bart to be a far more sympathetic protagonist. Ebert calls it one of the “saddest stories ever told about the traps that society sets for women,” as Bart is forced to dwell in a society where marriage is her vocation. Denied marriage, the only other societal option is suicide. Society is the agent of her demise, not Lilly: “her life is not unpleasant until a chain of events destroys her with the thoroughness and indifference of a meat grinder.” This article ties in societal pressures with Lily’s death, asserting that her death was evitable.

Goetz, Thomas H. "Flaubert, Gustave." World Book Online Reference Center. 2006. 1

Oct 2006. .

Goetz provides a biographical overview, giving insight into Flaubert’s role as a uniquely realistic *****, thus stressing Emma’s economic and moral ruin not as extraordinary, but ordinary.

“The House of Mirth.” Directed by Terrence Davies. 2000.

This film version takes a slightly feminist reading of Lily’s suicide, stressing the aspects of Wharton’s novel that imply that middle class women have few venues for self-expression, other than in marriage. Rather than delicate and retiring, Gillian Anderson portrays Lily as strong, and actively makes the unfortunate decisions that result in her social ostracism. The film has excellent cinematography and the performance of Lily’s character is well executed.

Inness, Sherrie. A. “An economy of beauty: the beauty system in Edith Wharton's ‘The

Looking Glass’ and ‘Permanent Wave.’” Studies in Short Fiction. Spring 1993.

2 Oct 2006. .

Inness addresses the role of beauty in all of Wharton’s fiction, and the ways in which women are regarded in society as physically beautiful and seen merely as objects from men. These aspects are seen as crucial within the novel in motivating Lily’s suicide.

Jong, Erica. “Fashion Victim.” Salon.com. September 1997. 1 Oct 2006.

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1970’s feminist author Jong and author of Fear of Flying suggest that Emma dies because she has attempted to make her life into an erotic novel. Focuses mainly on the circumstances leading up to Emma’s suicide and how her inner “erotic novel” led to her death.

“Madame Bovary.” Directed by Claude Chabrol. 1991.

French made film with English subtitles. Emma’s suicide during the latter half of the novel is given greatest attention.

Pizer, Donald. “The naturalism of Edith Wharton's 'House of Mirth. 20th Century

Literature. Summer 1995. 1 Oct 2006. .

Pitzer stresses the naturalistic aspects of Wharton’s work, offering possible parallels with Flaubert’s influence in literary naturalism and realism, quotes, a “notable attempt, however, to free Wharton criticism from this conventional assumption occurred in 1953, when Blake Nevius observed that Lily Bart, in The House of Mirth, is ‘as completely and typically the product of her heredity, environment, and the historical moment ... as the protagonist of any recognized naturalistic novel.’”

“Reading Group Guide: The House of Mirth.” Penguin-Putnam. 2006. 1 Oct 2006.

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This online, popular guide focuses on the question of the inevitability of Lily’s suicide. Why does Lily sometimes show scruples, and other times foolishly refuses to play by societal rules? The Reading Group Guide analyzes Lily’s suicide as being socially engineered due to the nature of the Gilded Age, and its conspicuous consumption combined with moral hypocrisy. The guide contains an author bibliography and a useful roundtable discussion forum.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Family Idiot: Gustave Flaubert, 1821–1857. Trans. Carol Cosman.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Sartre, author of “Suicide,” presents his own meditations of Flaubert’s life, and the way that he sees Flaubert’s life realized in the earlier author’s works. Interesting, however primarily focuses on Flaubert’s other works and how they pertain to Madame Bovary.

Wagner-*****, Linda. "Wharton, Edith." World Book Online Reference Center. 2006.

1 Oct 2006. .

Wagner gives an overview of Wharton’s life, with an interesting reminder in light of Lily’s despair over not being able to earn enough money through work, that Wharton supported her own husband financially during their marriage.