Term Paper on "Egoism Pleasure and Indifference"

Term Paper 4 pages (1299 words) Sources: 1+ Style: APA

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Ethical Egoism in the Criminal Justice System

Running Page: SELF-INTEREST FIRST?

Ethical Egoism

This is a sub-theory of the Consequentialism, which states that an action is morally right if its consequences are more favorable than unfavorable (Fieser, 2009). Consequentialist theories attained popularity in the 18th century in answer to the search for a quick way of determining the morality of an action through experience rather than by intuition or an enumeration of duties. The subdivisions of consequentialism include ethical egoism, a theory, which holds that an action is morally right if the consequences are more favorable than unfavorable to its doer (Fieser).

English philosopher Thomas Hobbes advocated that it is better to live in a world with moral rules than one without but for purely selfish reasons (Fieser, 2009). If moral rules did not exist, the person will be subject to the will of other people and their selfish interests. That will put everyone else at risk. But selfishness will incline a person to establish rules on which a civilized community may be built. These rules will forbid lying, stealing and killing. If these rules were constantly enforced, the safety of everyone will be insured. This motivation will lead to the creation of a police force, which will arrest violators of these rules, and a justice system, which will punish violators (Fieser).

Moral Basis

Ethical egoism states that the promotion of one's own good is moral (Moseley, 2005). It is always moral to promote one's own good and never moral not to do so. People have different reasons or motives for their actions but they always act according to those reasons or motives. They may perform the act directly for themselves or indirectly for someone else, for God or for the world. But ethical egoism asserts that people necessarily and ultimately act out of self-interest and never in complete disregard of his self-interest.

In clearer terms, this theory argues that what is good for survival and personal happiness is necessarily moral (Cengage, 2013). Morality is thus premised on one's survival and personal happiness. It follows that people should behave in a way that they deem beneficial for themselves. They need not consider the rights of others for the same conviction. It claims that it is not only immoral but also impossible to act out of a completely selfless act. It perceives even those who sacrifice their lives for others do so from an expectation of some benefit or reward in the life hereafter (Cengage).

Egoism takes other forms or variants, such as psychological, enlightened and practical egoism (Cengage, 2013). Psychological egoism views human beings as natural egoists who are instinctively acting for survival, self-interest and self-preservation. It is not only moral to egoistic but also natural or inborn. Altruistic people who give or volunteer for charity actually seek the psychic and emotional pleasure derived from the act rather than from any selfless reason. Heroes who risk their lives do so because of the greater pleasure they derive from the rush of adrenaline than from the demands of security and safety. Enlightened egoism maintains that people do acts that will redound to their long-term advantage or welfare. They may treat others fairly only to receive fair treatment and cooperation from them in return. It emphasizes that even seemingly selfless and altruistic acts are ultimately egoistic in that they are performed for the doer's benefit through reciprocal help in the future. And practical egoism was a contribution of Adam Smith who argued that people who seek their own personal good are actually contributing national prosperity. Capitalist tenets are premised on self-interest as the basis for a healthy and prosperous economy. It would drive workers to work harder in order to earn more and employers to be fair with their workers in order to retain them. It is only when ill-motivated people disturb this balance does capitalism fail to produce the best… READ MORE

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