Research Paper on "Effects of the Defense Authorization Act of 1916 and 1920 on the National Guard"
Research Paper 15 pages (4387 words) Sources: 28
[EXCERPT] . . . .
Defense Authorization Act of 1916 & 1920 on the National GuardIn 1790, President George Washington and Henry Knox, who was a military leader at that time tried to persuade the Continental Congress to establish a federally controlled militia, and despite their convincing argument about the benefits that the United States would derive from such military policy, the Continental Congress did not accept their proposal. For over 150 years after President Washington and Henry Knox failed to persuade the Continental Congress, numerous military and political leaders repeated similar efforts, however, the Congress repeatedly denied their initiations. During this period, attempt to rectify wars by the War Department met with ideological protests and several military and political leaders revealed the impact of the threats on the territorial integrity of the United States without an effective federally controlled militia. These concerns gradually became an avenue where some political leaders started seeking for the avenue to increase the roles of National Guard instead of creating federally controlled militia. Senator Charles Dick sponsored a bill to increase the role of National Guard instead of creating another military reserve and the effort of Charles Dick and other political and military leaders led the congress to pass National Defense Act 1916. (Groark, 2004). The thesis formulates research objective to enhance greater understanding of the National Defense Act of 1916.
Research Objective
The study attempts to explore the National Defense Act of 1916 and its impact on the National Guard.
To enhance greater understanding about the i
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mpact of the National Defense Act of 1916 on the National Guard, the study reflects back on the structure of the National Guard before 1916, and after 1916, and after the National Defense Act of 1920 came into effect. The study also develops hypothesis to provide greater understanding on the method National Defense Acts assist the National Guard to mature after 1916.download full paper ⤓
Research Questions
The study develops two research questions to understand the operational readiness of National Guard before 1916 and after 1920
1. What was the operational readiness of the National Guard before enacting the Defense Act of 1916?
2. What was the operational readiness of the National Guard after the enactment of Defense Act 1920?
Before the congress passed the Defense Act of 1916 into law, the National Guard was ill equipped and poorly trained. When the National Guard were called upon for the Federal Service, their conducts revealed that personnel in the National Guard still needed to undergo a lengthy training before they could be effective for the national assignment. Within the National Guard, there were a number of unqualified personnel, and the issue always caused the delay to launch the soldiers into fight. The result of the lengthy stay in the hot camps sometime led to the decline in the soldiers moral, sickness, and death.
However, after the congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, National Guard was reorganized and well trained, and after the congress passed the National Defense Act 1920, National Guard was well equipped, and since 1920, there have been mobilization process for the National Guard because of the regular training that the National Guard undergo. To fully equip the Soldiers, National Guard receives updated equipment for the training making them to fully equipped and fully prepared for the war. With modern equipments, the Soldiers and Airman could enter war with better understanding of modern and sophisticated weapons.
Review of the literatures is critical to answer the research questions and develop the hypothesis. Reviewing of different literatures also assists in enhancing the greater understanding of the impact of the Defense Act 1916 and Defense Act 1920 on National Guard.
National Guard before the Defense Act of 1916
The evolution of the National Guard started from the colonial military force of 1636. At that period, Colonial militia forces were primarily reserved for the local defense. (Smith, 1990). Major threats of the U.S. national security have emerged from more than 235 years ago, and one of the highest priorities of the National government is to defend the territorial integrity of the United Stated States. With the formation of the National Guard, they served both states and federal government and they were subject to the authorities of both state and the national government. The history of National Guard has created hot debates among intellectuals and military experts. There are group who argued that National Guard were military forces crated to serve the U.S. national interests. On the other hand, there are group who believe that National Guard are the group of militia patriotic men desire to serve the national defense as well as looking for the means to survive.
However, National Guard was not official recognized until the U.S. government passed the Militia Act of 1792. The aim of this Act was organize, trained, equipped men for the national compulsory militia. The Militia Act of 1792 made it compulsory for all eligible males to engage in military system. (Bowman Kapp & Belasco). Under the Militia Act of 1792, all militiamen were required to arm themselves and the state adjutant generals were appointed to oversee the uniformity of the Militia. As being pointed by Groark (1990),
"The Militia Act required all able-bodied men ages 18-45 to serve in the state militia. Each man enrolling in the state militia had the responsibility maintain his own weapon and equipment. Congress authorized no federal dollars for this purpose." (P 18)
While the Militia Act served the purpose of certainty and reliability for the country to defend itself during the conflict, however, "the Militia Act lacked provisions of enforceability. Congress also failed to finance the costs of implementing the expensive requirements the states now shouldered." (Coasts, 2006 P. 347). In the half of 1800, Militia Act proved unreliable and lacked preparedness. Typically, states showed little interests on Militia and exercise little control over militia. However, the Militia gained forces in 1840s because of the financial support received from some state governments. Despite the financial support received from some states, the Militia lacked unpreparedness, and during the civil war, President Lincoln made it clear that the state Militia were unprepared for the battle.
"In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, supporters of a national reserve army viewed ineffective mobilization of many state militias as unacceptable and compromising of the national defense." (Coasts, 2006 P. 348).
In addition, "The Militia Act did not include how states were going to enforce the enrollment. Thus, many states failed to ensure these "able-bodied men" met their service obligation." (Groark 1990 P. 18).
However, during the Civil War, militiamen largely increased the role of national defense, and in 1879, National Guard Association (NGA) was formed to promote the military efficiency of National Guard as well promoting the interest of the National Guard before the federal government. Meanwhile, the NGA was very successful in convincing the federal government to channel the funds to the National Guard through the state governments. Lack of preparedness of the Militia led the national government to pass the Dick Act of 1903 to convert the Militia into organized Militia or National Guard. Before the Dick Act of 1903, the National Guard only consisted of ill-equipped and poorly training soldiers, and there was a lack of uniformly enforced militia policy in the United States. During 19th century, "National Guard was not standardized across the nation because they are poorly organized and poorly equipped." (Stentiford, P 8, 2002).
In 1900, the National Guard only consisted of 116,542 officers, and the number of regular army just composed of 60,000 soldiers. However, there were series of call from different quarters to increase the total number of the regular army. On the other hand, advocates from another quarter argued that large standing army was inconsistence with the traditional American political beliefs and there was a need to increase the number of National Guard. Advocates of National Guard argued that properly trained and manned National Guard could augment the number of regular army during national emergencies. With lack of well-trained personnel within the National Guard and lack of equipment for the combat, it was revealed that the National Guard was not ready for the operational readiness.
Since 1900, National Guard has undergone series of transformation and changes. In 1900, the component of National Guard was just over 100,000 poorly equipped and ill-trained forces. The unique role of National Guard before 1916 was to perform state duty during civil disturbances and natural disaster. In the 20th Century, National had responded up to eight national emergencies.
To improve the effectiveness of the National Guard, Dick Act of 1903 was passed to transform all military units into organized companies and regiment of National Guard. With passage of Dick Act in 1903, National Guard units received increased in equipment and funding to enable them to conform to federal standard. The Dick Act was aimed to promote the efficiency of the National Guard and the National Guard was officially reorganized and became a partner of the regular army.
"Under the Dick Act, the… READ MORE
Quoted Instructions for "Effects of the Defense Authorization Act of 1916 and 1920 on the National Guard" Assignment:
“Topic: The effects of the National Defense Authorization Act of 1916 & 1920 on the National Guard
May want to also include some most recent news like the Defense Authorization Act of 2012 which gave the National Guard a seat at the table with the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Please, No internet sources
I will need primary and secondary source material (to include original source documents, books, journal articles, newspapers, etc.)
The style of the research paper must be *****"historical narra-tive;*****" that is, like Jay Luvaas, *****Is Military History Still Practicable*****. Transition from one idea to another should be smooth, without numbering your paragraphs or using sub-paragraphs.
Use FOOTNOTES only when attributing sources. With current computer technology, there is no reason why footnotes ***** the standard of historical attribution ***** should not be use.
Things that should be included:
*****¢ A clear thesis statement
*****¢ A well-organized line of thought
*****¢ Well-developed, supporting paragraphs
*****¢ Specific and relevant details
*****¢ Good sentence structure
*****¢ Logical transitions
*****¢ Good word choice
*****¢ Correct, standard English usage
*****¢ Attribution of sources (Footnotes Only)
*****¢ A Bibliography (NOT Works Cited) of all sources consulted (include those sources that you researched but did not find useful for your paper).
I have included the research plan I turned in
Introduction
The impact of the reserve component military forces in the United States has been significant over the years, and continues to be a vital part of American defense and homeland security. The reserves also provide valuable support when there is natural disasters and other emergencies in the U.S. that call for the capabilities that the National Guard and other reserve forces provide.
The Literature ***** the History of Reserve Military Forces in the U.S.
Barry Stentiford*****s book, The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century, is a valuable resource when reviewing how the current National Guard came to exist. Stentiford explains that soon after the first settlers arrived on the shores of North America, as early as 1636, militia companies were formed strictly because the settlers feared attacks by Native Americans (Stentiford, 2002, pp. 4-5). In fact the militiamen were trained to fight and protect the colonies from Indian attack ***** *****and the French***** ***** up until the Revolutionary War, Stentiford continues.
During the Revolutionary War the state militia *****augmented Washington*****s Continental Army***** and also *****enforced revolutionary discipline***** in the communities, according to Stentiford (5). What Stentiford means exactly by *****stabilizing the homefront***** is not clear, but after the colonies won the Revolutionary War, the militia had the responsibility for protecting the United States of America. The citizens did not want a standing army because of the cost and, Stentiford explains, it would be *****¦dangerous to the survival of the new republic***** ***** at least that*****s what colonial citizens feared (5).
Author Lucia Raatma explains that the militia in colonial times were called *****Minutemen***** and they could be as young as 16 or as old as 60. They bought their own weapons and *****trained for four hours at a time, usually twice a week***** (Raatma, 2005, p. 6). As brave and *****clever***** as the Minutemen were, Raatma explains, *****they were also just ordinary citizens***** that struggled to make ends meet. Clearly though, the militia played a vital part in the Revolutionary War.
Meanwhile, the document that laid out the details of our new government, the Articles of Confederation (effective from March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789, when the U.S. Constitution became the supreme law of the land), did not address the need for *****¦the retention or re-creation of the Continental Army***** following the Revolutionary War. After the Constitution went into effect in 1789, however, Articles I and II ***** and the Second Amendment ***** clearly spelled out the need for a *****federal standing army***** that did not rely on local militia (Stentiford, 6).
The federal government passed the Militia Act of 1792, and that legislation required *****most free white males***** ages 18-45 to *****arm themselves and attend regular muster***** in order to be prepared. However, Stentiford explains (7), that law was never firmly enforced. The states however did manage their own militia groups, and the men that came into the groups were there because they had a sense of patriotism or they were afraid of a slave uprising, Stentiford continues (8).
President Jefferson in 1800 was a strong supporter of the militia, he believed it to have one of the *****essential principles of our government***** (Doubler, et al, 2007, 19). Taking the same position of many citizens, Jefferson*****s policy as far as the military was concerned was *****the supremacy of the civil over the military authority*****; the president believed that *****a well-disciplined militia***** was America*****s *****best reliance in peace and for the first months of war, till Regulars may relieve them***** (Doubler, 20) By 1804, Doubler explains, the War Department of the young nation claimed to have 525,000 men enrolled and organized *****¦into a hodgepodge of regiments and brigades***** ***** a situation that was unacceptable to Jefferson because the soldiers were *****far from ready to perform as a coherent, national defense force***** (20).
Hence, Congress agreed to allocate $200,000 for the *****purchase and distribution of weapons***** (at $13 per musket) of about 15,000 new muskets annually (Doubler, 20). Moreover, it became very clear that the militiamen were not up to the task of defending the nation, when in 1814, British Redcoats landed near Chesapeake Bay heading to Washington, D.C.. About 5,000 militiamen fought the Redcoats but were *****overrun***** and retreated while the British entered Washington and *****torched the Capitol, the White House, and a number of other public buildings***** (Doubler, 21).
On June 3, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the National Defense Act into law, legislation that expanded the *****size and scope***** of the National Guard, which had previously been a network of state militias (History.com). The Act brought all those militias under federal control, making it a backup to the regular army; in other words, the president could call out the National Guard for a number of national or international services.
President Wilson had been resisting the temptation to inject the U.S. military into World War I ***** even though Theodore Roosevelt and other Republicans had been pushing to get American troops on the ground in Europe ***** partly because the Guard and the U.S. Army were busy battling Pancho Villa who was raiding cities. Eventually (on April 6, 1917) Wilson and Congress made the decision to enter WWI, knowing that American allies needed the support to fight the Germans.
The National Defense Act of 1916 established qualifications for officers serving in the National Guard, authorizing them to receive training at regular Army schools, the History.com site explained. In fact all National Guard personnel would be organized *****according to the standards of regular Army units*****; and, *****for the first time,***** the National Guardsmen would be paid, not just for their active duty during annual training exercises (raised from 5 to 15 days a year), but also for their monthly drills, which were increased from 24 per year to 48 every year (History.com).
Moreover, the National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the *****Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)***** which began training high school and college students for eventual service in the Regular Army (History.com).
Maurice Madloff is the author of the book American Military History, and he writes that the upgrade of the National Defense Act of 1916 was put into legislation by the National Defense Act of June 4, 1920, which fully governed the regulation and the organizing structure of the Army until 1950 (Madloff, 1996, p. 65). What the Act of 1920 accomplished was to establish the United States Army into three components: the professional Regular Army; the civilian National Guard; and the civilian Organized Reserves (composed of Officers and enlisted Reserve Corps), according to Madloff.
The author explains that this 1920 Act actually served as an official acknowledgement that what had been the rule of thumb during the previous two hundred or so years was officially now federal policy. That is, the U.S. had always maintained a *****standing peacetime force***** that was too small if it needed to be expanded to respond to a major land war, but that same standing army also depended on *****a new Army of civilian soldiers***** that would be trained and available for large mobilizations (Madloff, 65-66). And now, after the passage of the 1920 Act, there would be a standing army of 17,726 officers (three times the strength of the officer corps prior to WWI), Madloff continues (66).
The 1920 Act also authorized the military to expand to three more branches ***** the Air Service, the Chemical Warfare Service, and a Finance Department. After WWI General John Pershing reorganized the War Department (now known as the Defense Department) into five divisions, which made it easier to for the National Guard to be ready to respond should another war break out. Pershing had a personnel staff in what he called G-1, G-2 was intelligence, G-3 deals with operations and training, G-4 was supply division, and G-5 was focused on *****strategic planning***** (Madloff, 66).
Meanwhile, the Congressional Digest (the official federal publication that explains legislation) in 1934 provided some basic details on the Act of 1920. Beyond what has already been described vis-Ã -vis the 1920 Act, the Congressional Digest explains that the Act fixed the number of members of the Army at 15,034 combat officers, 280,000 enlisted men, in addition to the number of officers (17,726) alluded to earlier in this paper. There was also flexibility built into the military, in that the size of the army could *****be varied depending on the changing importance of the branches in the scheme of defense***** (Congressional Digest, 1934).
In conclusion, the Army National Guard has been very active in protecting Americans at home and abroad. At one point in the Iraq War, the Army National Guard made up more than 50% of the U.S. Army combat force and after Hurricane Katrina, *****more than 42,000 Army National Guard troops***** from many states provided relief and security. Ever since the National Defense Acts of 1916 and 1920, the National Guard has grown and become an huge part of American homeland and foreign defense activities.
Works Cited
Congressional Digest. 1934. Provisions of the National Defense Act. Vol. 13, Issue 4. Retrieved
November 18, 2011, from EBSCOhost.
Doubler, Michael Dale, Listman, John W., and Goldstein, Donald M. 2007. The National Guard:
An Illustrated History of America*****s Citizen-Soldiers. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books.
History.com. 2010. U. S. President Woodrow Wilson signs National Defense Act. Retrieved
November 19, 2011, from http://www.history.com.
Madloff, Maurice. 1996. American Military History: 1902-1996. Jackson, TN: De Capo Press.
Raatma, Lucia. 2005. The Minutemen. North Mankato, MN: Compass Point Books.
Stentiford, Barry M. 2002. The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth
Century. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
*****
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