Essay on "Criminal Justice - Counterterrorism International Terrorism Issues"

Quoted Instructions for "Criminal Justice - Counterterrorism International Terrorism Issues" Assignment:

I*****m Requesting for "*****" to write this essay Thank you.

Below are 5 questions in parenthesis with some of the text books answers below. Please use your experience to write an essay, APA style from the 5 answers to the questions using your experience. Please uses one or two citations per questions if needed.

Thank you---

1. (Compare and contrast several definitions of terrorism. Include definitions employed by government agencies as well as by scholars. Which definition do you find to be most accurate or most useful? Why? Also, by extension, why do you find certain definitions deficient?)

State Department: From Title 22 of U.S. Code section 2656f(d): *****The term *****˜terrorism***** means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups of clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. The term *****˜international terrorism***** mean terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. The term *****˜terrorist group***** means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.***** (Source: U.S. Department of state, 1999)----

FBI Terrorism is ***** the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. *****The FBI further describes terrorism as either domestic or international, depending on the origin, base, and objectives of the terrorist organization. (Source: FBI, 1999)----

Vice President*****s Task Force *****Terrorism is the unlawful use or threat of violence against persons or social objectives. It is usually intended to intimidate or coerce a government, individuals or groups, or to modify their behavior or politics.***** (Source: Vice President*****s task Force, 1986)---

United Nations *****A TERRORIST is any person who, acting independendently of the specific recognition of a country, or as a single person, or as part of a group not recognized as an official part or division of a nation, act to destroy or to injure civilians or destroy or damage property belonging to civilians or to governments in order to effect some political ----

2. (How do terrorists come to justify their actions*****”particularly when innocent, non-combatants are killed? As a part of your answer, consider the roles of group reinforcement and the Doctrine of Necessity.)

Terrorists have the need for social approval, but they rarely obtain it because their actions are not sanctioned by the governments they attack. They are routinely condemned by the population at large. Even when citizens approve of the cause associated with terrorism, they are reluctant to embrace and endorse the methods of mayhem. Terrorists must, therefore, look outside normative social channels to gain approval for their acts. -----

3. Explain the structures and methods of organization common to terror groups. What elements of their structure is most challenging for group leadership in your estimation? Also, how might law enforcement and intelligence agencies exploit the structural impediments found in terror organizations? What aspects are most challenging for law enforcement and intelligence agencies?---

Terrorism changes constantly, as do other forms of conflict, but the same structural principles apply to successful terrorist groups as to any other organization. Labor must be divided in particular ways, and each subunits must complete its assigned specialty to complement the work of other units. Even though its goals are more difficult to accomplish because the work must be completed with extreme secrecy, a terrorist group must be organized and managed for success. In addition, terrorism must be financed.

Some terrorist groups fund themselves through crime, other have a state sponsor, and other more recently, networked organizations have developed a mix of legitimate and illegal methods of funding. ---

Cell- The basic unit of a traditional terrorist organization. Groups of cells form columns. Members in cells seldom know one another. In more recent terrorist structures, cell describes a tactical group dispatched by the network for selected operation----

Terrorist Group Organization

Column

Command

Internal discipline

Column command*****”Tactics cell

Intelligence cell

Supply cell

Other logistics cell*****”Training cell

Pyramid

Command

Active cadre

Active supporters

Passive supporters

The Umbrella Organization

Around 1982, new types of organizational styles developed from the pyramid, and organizational transformations continue today. The first change came with the birth of the umbrella organization

In this style of organization, several small pyramids gather under a sheltering group that manages supplies, obtains resources, creates support structures, gathers intelligence. ----

4.( Explain each of Samuel Huntington*****s 8 cultural paradigms. What does this model for culture and civilization around the world have to do with terrorism? What are the implications for law enforcement if terrorism has deeper roots*****”namely, rooted in a clash of civilizations? Also, what are the implications for American foreign policy in terms of our efforts to thwart terrorism?)

by James Graham

Published: May, 2004

Huntington argues that the trends of global conflict after the end of the Cold War are increasingly appearing at these civilizational divisions. Wars such as those following the break up of Yugoslavia, in Chechnya, and between India and Pakistan were cited as evidence of inter-civilizational conflict.

Huntington also argues that the widespread Western belief in the universality of the West's values and political systems is naïve and that continued insistence on democratization and such "universal" norms will only further antagonize other civilizations. Huntington sees the West as reluctant to accept this because it built the international system, wrote its laws, and gave it substance in the form of the United Nations.

Huntington identifies a major shift of economic, military, and political power from the West to the other civilizations of the world, most significantly to what he identifies as the two "challenger civilizations", Sinic and Islam. is culturally asserting itself and its values relative to the West due to its rapid economic growth. Specifically, he believes that China's goals are to reassert itself as the regional hegemon, and that other countries in the region will 'bandwagon' with China due to the history of hierarchical command structures implicit in the Confucian Sinic civilization, as opposed to the individualism and pluralism valued in the West.

In other words, regional powers such as the two Koreas and Vietnam will acquiesce to Chinese demands and become more supportive of China rather than attempting to oppose it. Huntington therefore believes that the rise of China poses one of the most significant problems and the most powerful long-term threat to the West, as Chinese cultural assertion clashes with the American desire for the lack of a regional hegemony in East Asia.

Huntington argues that the Islamic civilization has experienced a massive population explosion which is fueling instability both on the borders of Islam and in its interior, where fundamentalist movements are becoming increasingly popular. Manifestations of what he terms the "Islamic Resurgence" include the 1979 Iranian revolution and the first Gulf War.-----

Perhaps the most controversial statement Huntington made in the Foreign Affairs article was that "Islam has bloody borders". Huntington believes this to be a real consequence of several factors, including the previously mentioned Muslim youth bulge and population growth and Islamic proximity to many civilizations including Sinic, Orthodox, Western, and African.

Huntington sees Islamic civilization as a potential ally to China, both having more revisionist goals and sharing common conflicts with other civilizations, especially the West. Specifically, he identifies common Chinese and Islamic interests in the areas of weapons proliferation, human rights, and democracy that conflict with those of the West, and feels that these are areas in which the two civilizations will cooperate.

Russia, Japan, and India are what Huntington terms 'swing civilizations' and may favor either side. Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border (such as Chechnya) but cooperates with Iran in order to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia and in an attempt to continue the flow of oil. Huntington argues that a "Sino-Islamic connection" is emerging in which China will cooperate more closely with Iran, Pakistan, and other states to augment its international position.

Huntington also argues that civilizational conflicts are "particularly prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims", identifying the "bloody borders" between Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations. This conflict dates back as far as the initial thrust of Islam into Europe, its eventual expulsion in the Iberian reconquest, the attacks of the Ottoman Turks on Eastern Europe and Vienna, and the European imperial division of the Islamic nations in the 1800s and 1900s.--



Emerging alignments as predicted by Huntington in 1996. Thicker lines represent more conflictual relationships.

Huntington argues that the trends of global conflict after the end of the Cold War are increasingly appearing at these civilizational divisions. Wars such as those following the break up of Yugoslavia, in Chechnya, and between India and Pakistan were cited as

5.( Describe the anarchist and socialist movements of the 19th Century. Which activists within those movements were most pivotal in defining terrorism as we know it today? Also, in your own opinion, how should modern America deal with fomenters of political violence when they do so while in exile and through writing and speaking? Should America *****go after***** such people given the observation from history that other exiled thinkers/revolutionaries have had great influence over events, sometimes with violent and long-standing consequences?)

Anarchists, Those in the 19th century who advocated the creation of cooperative societies without centralized governments. These were many forms of anarchy. In the popular understanding of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, anarchists were seen as violent socialist revolutionaries. Antiglobalists calling themselves anarchists have little resemblance to their earlier counterparts.---

Johann Most German American radical. He advocates revolution in a New Jersey- based newspaper called Freiheit (Freedom)---

Emma Goldman Russian American socialist, Full of fiery rhetoric, she leaves the USA for Russia after the Revolution and returns disillusioned with communism.----

Karl Marx Founder of communism, With Friedrich Engels, he develops the theoretical basis of communism in a three-volume critique of capitalism.----

Pierre Joseph Proudhon French anarchist, He is appalled by violence and believes humans can live without governments in ideal communities.----

Karl Heinzen German radical, He flees to the USA after failed 1848 revolutions. His writings include a justification for political murder.

Mikhail Bakunin, Russian revolutional, His ideas will inspire the People's Will.

Nikolai Morozov