Term Paper on "Theories of Human Development and Counseling"
Term Paper 4 pages (1332 words) Sources: 4 Style: APA
[EXCERPT] . . . .
Counseling Services Benefit People Based on Theories of Human DevelopmentThe objective of this study is to examine how counseling services benefit people based on theories of human development.
The view of counselors is that people grow and develop throughout their entire lifespan. The theory of human development psychology is something that counselors understand and that assists them in effectively establishes relationships with individuals from a diversity of backgrounds. Professional counselors are skilled in assessing individuals and situations and in treatment and diagnosis of mental illness and disorders. As well counselors are skilled in applying cognitive, as well as effective, behavioral and systemic strategies to assist individuals in bringing about change in their lives.
Lifespan Development and Health Emphasized
It is reported that "from the beginning, counseling scholars and advocates have emphasized lifespan development and health rather than curing, treating and remediating so often emphasized by more traditional mental health professionals." (Lewis & Clark Graduate School of Educational Counseling. 2014, p.1) Counseling professionals seek to make offering of services that are both developmental and preventive "without a focus on diagnoses of dysfunctions of deficits. Rather symptoms of human distress have been viewed as transitions and changes that reflect potentially constructive and adaptive developmental tasks and opportunities." (Lewis & Clark Graduate School of Educational Counseling., 2014, p. 1)
II. Major Developmental Theories
In the application to coun
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(1) Freud (1909/1957) -- phases of psychosexual development;
(2) Jung (1933/1969) -- psychology of individuation over the lifespan;
(3) Erikson's (1963) -- theory of psychosocial development;
(4) Bowlby's (1969) attachment theory; and (5) Mahler's (1975) -- patterns of separation and individuation in infants. (Muro, 2007, p. 5)
III. Primary Cognitive-Structural Influences
It is reported that the primary cognitive-structural influences are inclusive of:
(1) Piaget's (1932) -- theory of cognitive development;
(2) Kohlberg's (1968/1982) -- theory of moral development;
(3) Perry's (1970) -- theory of ethical and intellectual development;
(4) Loevinger's (1976) -- theory of ego development; and (5) Kogan's (1982) -- theory of the evolution of self. (Muro, 2007, p. 5)
III. Four Specific Development Theories
Cognitive Development Theory
Cognitive Development Theory was first posited by Jean Piaget and is a theory comprised by three basic components including: (1) Schemas, or building blocks of knowledge; (2) adaptation processes that help the individual in their transitioning between stages; and (3) stages of development that include: (a) sensorimotor; (b) preoperational; (3) concrete operational; and (4) formal operational. (McLeod, 2009, p. 1) Piaget defined a schema as "a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning." (McLeod, 2009, p. 1) the schema was called Piaget to be "the basic building blocks of intelligence, behavior -- a way of organizing knowledge." (McLeod, 2009, p. 1)
Learning Theory
A learning theory is described as "an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning." (Princeton University, 2014, p. 1) There are two primary values to learning theories: (1) the first is in the provision of '"vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is in suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems." (Princeton University, 2014, p. 1)
Social Role Theory
It is reported that social role theory "recognizes the historical division in labor between women, who often assumed responsibilities at home, and men, who often assumed responsibilities outside the home." (Psychopedia, 2014, p. 1) Resulting from the "concomitant sex differences in social behavior, the expectancies of men and women began to diverge." (Psychopedia, 2014, p. 1) It is… READ MORE
Quoted Instructions for "Theories of Human Development and Counseling" Assignment:
Topic: How counseling services benefit to people based on the theories of human development.
Requirements:
- "People": mainly focus on children and adolescents
- "Counseling services": Focus on the knowledge in human development field. The background of counseling does not have to be very strong, but analyze its relationship to human development. Could discuss that how the work of school counselors and any other counseling works help children and adolescents.
- "Human development": analyze different theories. For example: Cognitive Development Theory, Learning Theory, Social Role Theory, Psychosocial Theory, Life Course Theory, Dynamic Systems Theory, or any other. Choose at least 4 theories to analyze with.
- Keep it theoretical, do not pay too much attention on examples.
- Ideal structure: Under each chosen human development theory, discuss its application in counseling services and its benefits to children or adolescents.
- Can analyze based on personal ideas, do not necessary to be academical.
How to Reference "Theories of Human Development and Counseling" Term Paper in a Bibliography
“Theories of Human Development and Counseling.” A1-TermPaper.com, 2014, https://www.a1-termpaper.com/topics/essay/counseling-services-benefit-people-based/3517924. Accessed 6 Jul 2024.
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