Research Proposal on "College Students and Alcohol Use"

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College Students and Alcohol Use

THE CONNECTION AND THE SOLUTION

International Perspective

Findings of studies conducted in 13 countries found that college students are at a high risk for heavy drinking with serious immediate health consequences (Karam, Kypri & Salamoun, 2007). These consequences included drink-driving and other substance use and longer-term consequences, such as alcoholism. Perilous drinking appears more prevalent in Australasia, Europe, and South America than in Africa and Asia, according to the studies. They also said alcohol consumption has been increasing, especially among young people who are college students, in the U.S.A. (Karam, et al.).

These studies surveyed a mixed set of other recent studies from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe and South America (Karam et al., 2007). They found that alcohol was more used by male college students who belonged to higher socio-economic status, with higher educational levels and whose families indulged in excessive alcohol. On the other hand, belief in God, the practice of faith and negative family attitudes towards excessive drinking went against an indulgence. Some of the studies revealed that increased alcohol consumption occurred in the 1990s. These students were inclined to drink on Fridays, when classes end for the week, and if they live in a residential hall. Moreover, alcohol use also increased anxiety, smoking, the use of other substances and drink-driving. College student drinking was an alarming problem in Europe, Australasia and South America. Evidence continued to mount that it was reaching problem levels also in countries in other continents and with s

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imilar risk factors. Web-based screening, brief intervention, motivational intervention and psycho-education have been attempted in countries like Sweden and New Zealand to respond to the problem (Karam, et al.).

The most frequent consequences of excessive drinking by college students were damaged property, poor class attendance, hangovers, police arrests, injuries and fatalities (Labrie, Hummer & Pedersen, 2007). The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism sought to identify the reasons for indulgence in order to design and establish intervention measures. Earlier researches identified peer influence, availability of alcoholic drinks and pressure with their studies as influences and social purposes and emotional escape or relief as the reasons for drinking. The factors to these were mood enhancement, tension reduction or coping, and social motives. Each of the factors possessed unique characteristics in relation to the behavior and the outcomes. Enhancement and coping motives often led to excessive consumption and its consequences. Social reasons did not conduce to excessive consumption or ensuing problems (Labrie, et al.).

A recent research project reaffirmed the findings of earlier studies on the influence of social reasons for drinking among college students (Labrie et al., 2007). It also showed that female students engaged in drinking and incurred related consequences mainly for social reasons. Social camaraderie was the most frequent reason and the stronger social motivator, which determined alcohol consumption levels, than enhancement or coping motives. There was a clear gender difference in motive, the drinking and the consequences among college students. The social facilitation effect seemed to affect them through increased drinking. Drinking, in turn, led to negative consequences. Female students drank mainly for social reasons and this incurred harmful effects not previously considered.(Labrie, et al.).

College Students' Knowledge of Alcohol and Drinking

Existing empirical data reveal that many college students drink and that drinking is part of college life (Black, Ausherman, Kandakai, Lam & Jurjevic, 2004). A recent study looked into the drinking patterns and problems of 1,296 university students, how well they knew about alcohol and its effects and the difference in the knowledge between urban, non-residential university students and traditional university students. Findings disclosed that knowledge about alcohol and drinking was generally low in both groups. The knowledge level was lower among urban, non-residential college students than among traditional college students. Factors in the difference consisted of age and employment status. Older students and those employed knew more about alcohol than those who were not employed, whether full-time or part-time. The findings compared with those of earlier studies, which pointed to gender, age and race as factors. These studies consistently showed that male, older and Caucasian college students knew more about alcohol and drinking than female, younger and non-Caucasian college students. Female and younger college students and people of color tend to drink at a later time than male, older and Caucasian college students. This delay in experience influenced that knowledge about alcohol and drinking. Other factors included cultural and societal prejudices by young, female and ethnic or religious people. These prejudices or values influenced the willingness to experiment with alcohol and, therefore, the level of knowledge about it and its effects (Black, et al.).

Most available information on alcohol and its effects has been steady since the drink was introduced (Black et al., 2004). A survey sought to test if liquor mixed with soda pop would intoxicate faster than when taken straight. The original survey said this was false, but college textbooks claimed it was true. Some authorities contended that carbon dioxide pushes alcohol faster from the stomach to the small intestine where it is absorbed by the blood. Faster absorption also increases headaches and hangovers. If carbonation in champagne and wines increases absorption, carbonation in soda pop drinks, mixed with liquor, should have the same effect in the stomach and the small intestine (Black, et al.).

One more study revealed that young adults had the highest rate of drinking and heavy drinking among all age groups (Barnett et al., 2008). It also said that college students indulged in monthly drinking more at 68% and heavy drinking in the past two weeks than young adults who did not attend college. Furthermore, campuses reported hundreds of alcohol violations and extreme intoxication. Alcohol use was likewise identified as a major contributor to morbidity and mortality among college students (Barnett, et al.).

The study investigated almost 700 college students in four campuses with different rate of alcohol use and policies (Barnett et al., 2008). They were categorized into three clusters in developing three profiles, according to their recent heavy alcohol use and resulting problems, alcohol use during referral incident, and acknowledged responsibility and reaction to the referrals. It was initially found that a majority of these surveyed students were freshmen. Some of them were first-time offenders, who were likelier to live on campus and under campus police monitoring. Older students were likelier to have developed drinking patterns, which protected them from extreme occurrences and apprehensions. The three clusters were the "Why Me?," "So What?," and the Bad Incident clusters (Barnett, et al.).

College students in the "Why Me?" cluster had below-average alcohol use and problems, referral incidents and feelings of responsibility for the incidents (Barnett et al., 2008). They were relatively low-risk and incurred less severe violations on campus than those in the other two clusters or profiles. The majority of campus violators, however, belonged to this group or cluster at 92%. Students in the "So What?" cluster had above-average levels of alcohol use and problems, moderate levels of drinking in the reported incident, and feelings of responsibility for the incident but had low levels of aversiveness. They represented 80% of violators on campus. They were mostly male who had substantially higher alcohol and drug consumption levels than those in the two other clusters. And those in the Bad Incident cluster had low prior alcohol use and low-to-moderate alcohol problems but a high sense of aversiveness, feelings of responsibility and incident drinking, which led to referral. Most of them were freshmen but they differed from those in other clusters in that the type of incident they figured in was not as clearly characterized as the other two groups. But 70% of them were medically evaluated for intoxication and 53% of them committed behavioral infractions (Barnett, et al.).

Campus policy and enforcement covered mostly the Bad Incident cluster at 46% (Barnett et al., 2008). One surveyed campus operated its own emergency medical service and an overnight infirmary in addition to a widely-publicized medical amnesty policy for alcohol. Most of the cases in this campus fell under the Bad Incident category or profile. On the other hand, college students under the first two clusters accounted for high rates of possession violations (Barnett, et al.).

Deliberate Use of Alcohol among College Students

A survey of 206 American college students on social cognitive and psychosocial factors found that alcohol use was a reasoned decision among them (Kuther & Temoshin, 2003). It has become common knowledge that alcohol use is highly prevalent among American college students. This is evident in popular newsmagazines, which feature problems on the use of alcohol in college campuses. Of the nationally surveyed college students, 85% said they consumed alcohol within the previous year, 70% every month, and 40% five or more in a row or in binge drinking in the previous two weeks. Another sample of more than 17,000 college students from 140 colleges throughout the U.S. said they indulged in binge drinking at least once in the last two weeks (Kuther & Temoshin).

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Quoted Instructions for "College Students and Alcohol Use" Assignment:

“

This will be used as lit review for a major paper/dissertation. Using data from an alcohol study. The goal of this review will be: the relationship between college students and alcohol use and abuse, along with other factors, such as, drug use. While the focus should be on articles related to alcohol use among college students and the finding, you may include how drug use is related to alcohol use.

I will send along, via email, related articles that should assist in writing. I will also send the website that has additional articles. You can use articles and such from other locations, however, please include some from the resources I sent. As it is a lit review, I will need a good amount of references, at min 15 but would prefer closer to 20-25. If you have any questions please contact me (I would rather solve the issue early rather than late). You can contact me at dxdre@bellsouth.net Thanks!

Here is the website with resources related to the data

http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/cgi/CITATIONS/search?&study=4291&method=study&path=ICPSR

and here are some more resources

Bibliography

Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study, 2001

This bibliography includes published and unpublished works that are related

to ICPSR study 4291. It includes works that are based on primary

or secondary analysis of the data, or which describe or critique those

data or the collection methodology. This list represents all items known

to ICPSR as of 2008-12-01.

If you publish a work or know of other works that are based on these data,

please send the complete citation and name of the ICPSR study used to:

bibliography@icpsr.umich.edu.

1. (author unknown), "Study Classifies 44 Percent of Students as Binge

Drinkers." Chronicle of Higher Education. Apr 5, 2002, 48, (30), A.31 -.

2. (author unknown), "Study finds alcohol control policies deter underage

drinking." Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory and Application. Apr

2003, 22, (4), 5 - 6.

3. (author unknown), "Study: Social norms programs do not reduce student

drinking." Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Weekly. Jul 28, 2003, 15, (28), 3 - 4.

4. (author unknown), "Survey reveals high prevalence of AUDs among

students." Brown University Digest of Addiction Theory and Application. Mar

2003, 22, (3), 4 - 5.

5. Anonymous, "Binge drinking remains prevalent on college campuses." AORN

Journal. Jun 2002, 75, (6), 1178 - 1178.

6. Ciecierski, Christina Czart; Chatterji, Pinka; Chaloupka, Frank J.;

Wechsler, Henry, "Do State Expenditures on Tobacco Control Programs

Decrease Use of Tobacco Products Among College Students?." NBER Working

Papers #12532. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Sep

2006.

Full text PDF: http://www.nber.org/papers/w12532

7. DeSimone, Jeffrey S., "Fraternity Membership and Drinking Behavior."

NBER Working Papers #13262. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic

Research, Jul 2007.

Full text PDF: http://www.nber.org/papers/w13262.pdf

8. DeSimone, Jeffrey S., "The Impact of Employment during School on College

Student Academic Performance." NBER Working Papers #14006. Cambridge, MA:

National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2008.

Full text PDF: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14006.pdf

9. Ford, ***** A.; Arrastia, Meagan C., "Pill-poppers and dopers: A

comparison of non-medical prescription drug use and illicit/street drug use

among college students." Addictive Behaviors. Jul 2008, 33, (7), 934 - 941.

10. Fritz, ***** K., "What's new in research: Focus on nicotine." Brown

University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter. Feb 2005, 21, (2), 4 - 4.

11. Hingson, Ralph; Heeren, Timothy; Winter, Michael; Wechsler, Henry,

"Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college

students ages 18-24: Changes from 1998 to 2001." Annual Review of Public

Health. Apr 2005, 26, 259 - 279.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/mortality/

12. Keeling, Richard P., "Binge drinking and the college environment."

Journal of American College Health. Mar 2002, 50, (5), 197 - 201.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/mortality/

13. Kuo, Meichun; Wechsler, Henry; Greenberg, Patty; Lee, Hang, "The

marketing of alcohol to college students: The role of low prices and

special promotions." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2003, 25,

(3), 204 - 211.

14. LaBrie, Richard A.; Shaffer, Howard J., LaPlante, Debi A.; Wechsler,

Henry, "Correlates of college student gambling in the United States."

Journal of American College Health. Sep/Oct 2003, 52, (2), 53 - 62.

15. McCabe, ***** Esteban; Knight, John R.; Teter, Christian J.; Wechsler,

Henry, "Non-medical use of prescription stimulants among US college

students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey." Addiction. Jan

2005, 100, (1), 96 - 106.

16. McCabe, ***** Esteban; Knight, John R.; Teter, Christian J.; Wechsler,

Henry, "Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among US college

students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey." Addiction.

2005, 99, 96 - 106.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/stimulants/

Full text PDF: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/stimulants/McCabe_2005.pdf

17. McCabe, ***** Esteban; Teter, Christian J.; Boyd, Carol J.; Knight, John

R.; Wechsler, Henry, "Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among U.S.

college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey."

Addictive Behaviors. May 2005, 30, (4), 789 - 805.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/opioids/

18. Miller, Matthew; Hemenway, *****; Wechsler, Henry, "Guns and gun

threats at college." Journal of American College Health. Sep 2002, 51, (2),

57 - 65.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/opioids/

19. Mohler-Kuo, M.; Lee J.E.; Wechsler, Henry, "Trends in marijuana and

other illicit drug use among college students: Results from 4 Harvard

School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2001." Journal

of American College Health. Jul/Aug 2003, 52, (1), 17 - 24.

20. Mohler-Kuo, Meichun; Lee, Jae Eun; Wechsler, Henry, "Trends in

Marijuana and other illicit drug use among college students: Results from 4

Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study Surveys--1993-2001."

Journal of American College Health. Jul-Aug 2003, 52, (1), 17 - 24.

21. Moran, S.; Wechsler, Henry; Rigotti, N.A., "Social smoking among U.S.

college students." Pediatrics. Oct 2004, 114, (4), 1028 - 1034.

22. Moran, Susan; Wechsler, Henry; Rigotti, Nancy A., "Social Smoking Among

US College Students." Pediatrics. Oct 2004, 114, (4), 1028 - 1034.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/social_smoking/

23. Nelson, T.F.; Naimi, T.S.; Brewer, R.D.; Wechsler, H., "The state sets

the rate: The relationship among state-specific college binge drinking,

state binge drinking rates, and selected state alcohol control policies."

American Journal of Public Health. Mar 2005, 95, (3), 441 - 446.

24. Nelson, Toben F., "Errata." Journal of American College Health. Jul

2002, 51, (1), 37 -.

25. Nelson, Toben F.; Weitzman, Elissa R.; Wechsler, Henry, "The effect of

a campus-community environmental alcohol prevention initiative on student

drinking and driving: Results from the *****A Matter of Degree***** program

evaluation." Traffic Injury Prevention. Dec 2005, 6, (4), 323 - 330.

26. Nelson, Toben F.; Naimi, Timothy S.; Brewer, Robert D.; Wechsler,

Henry, "The state sets the rate: The relationship of college binge drinking

to state binge drinking rates and selected state alcohol control policies."

American Journal of Public Health. Mar 2005, 95, (3), 441 - 446.

27. Palmer, Kimberly; Lawton, Christopher, "Study Faults Plan to Curb

Campus Drinking." Wall Street Journal. Jul 24, 2003, B1 -.

28. Rigotti, N.A.; Regan, S.; Moran, S.E.: Wechsler, Henry, "Students'

opinion of tobacco control policies recommended for U.S. colleges: A

national survey." Tobacco Control. Sep 2003, 12, (3), 251 - 256.

29. Rigotti, N.A.; Regan, S.; Moran, S.E.; Wechsler, H., "Students***** opinion

of tobacco control policies recommended for US colleges: A national

survey." Tobacco Control. Sep 2003, 12, (3), 251 - 256.

30. Rigotti, Nancy A.; Moran, Susan E.; Wechsler, Henry, "US College

Students' Exposure to Tobacco Promotions: Prevalence and Association With

Tobacco Use." American Journal of Public Health. Jan 2005, 95, (1), 138 -

144.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/tobacco/

31. Rigotti, Nancy A.; Regan, S.; Moran, S.E.; Wechsler, Henry, "Students'

opinion of tobacco control policies recommended for US colleges: A national

survey." Tobacco Control. Sep 2003, 12, (3), 251 - 256.

32. Wechsler, H.; Lee, JE; Rigotti, NA, "Cigarette use by college students

in smoke-free housing - Results of a national study." American Journal of

Preventive Medicine. Apr 2001, 20, (3), 202 - 207.

33. Wechsler, Henry; Austin, S. Bryn, "Binge Drinking: The Five/Four

Measure." Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 1998, 59, 122 - 123.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/54/

34. Wechsler, Henry; Kuo, M., "Watering down the drinks: The moderating

effect of college demographics on alcohol use of high-risk groups."

American Journal of Public Health. Nov 2003, 93, (11), 1929 - 1933.

35. Wechsler, Henry; Lee, Jae Eun; Kuo, Meichun; Seibring, Mark; Nelson,

Toben F.; Lee, Hang, "Trends in college binge drinking during a period of

increased prevention efforts: Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public

Health College Alcohol Study Surveys: 1993-2001." Journal of American

College Health. Mar 2002, 50, (5), 203 - 217.

36. Wechsler, Henry; Lee, Jae Eun; Nelson, Toben F.; Kuo, Meichun,

"Underage College Students' Drinking Behavior, Access to Alcohol, and the

Influence of Deterrence Policies: Findings From the Harvard School of

Public Health College Alcohol Study." Journal of American College Health.

2002, 50, (5), 223 - 236.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/underminimum/

37. Wechsler, Henry; Lee, Jae Eun; Nelson, Toben F.; Kuo, Meichun,

"Underage college students' drinking behavior, access to alcohol, and the

influence of deterrence policies: Findings from the Harvard School of

Public Health College Alcohol Study." Journal of American College Health.

Mar 2002, 50, (5), 223 - 236.

38. Wechsler, Henry; Lee, Jae Eun; Nelson, Toben F.; Lee, Hang, "Drinking

and driving among college students: The influence of alcohol-control

policies." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2003, 25, (3), 212

- 218.

39. Wechsler, Henry; Nelson, Toben F., "Binge Drinking and the American

College Student: What's Five Drinks?." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.

Dec 2001, 15, (4), 287 - 291.

40. Wechsler, Henry; Nelson, Toben F., "What we have learned from the

Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study: Focusing attention

on college student alcohol consumption and the environmental conditions

that promote it." Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Jul 2008, 69,

(4), 481 - 490.

41. Wechsler, Henry; Nelson, Toben F.; Lee, Jae Eun; Seibring, Mark; Lewis,

Catherine; Keeling, Richard P., "Perception and reality: A national

evaluation of social norms marketing interventions to reduce college

students' heavy alcohol use." Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Jul 2003, 64,

(4), 484 - 494.

42. Wechsler, Henry; Seibring, Mark; Liu, I-Chao; Ahl, Marilyn, "Colleges

Respond to Student Binge Drinking: Reducing Student Demand or Limiting

Access." Journal of American College Health. Jan/Feb 2004, 52, (4), 159 -

168.

43. Wechsler, Henry; Wuethrich, Bernice, Dying to Drink: Confronting Binge

Drinking on College Campuses. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2002.

44. Weitzman, E.R.; Nelson, T.F.; Lee, H.; Wechsler, H., "Reducing drinking

and related harms in college evaluation - Evaluation of the 'A matter of

degree' program." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2004, 27,

(3), 187 - 196.

45. Weitzman, Elissa R.; Chen, Ying-Yeh, "The co-occurrence of smoking and

drinking among young adults in college: National survey results from the

United States." Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Dec 12, 2005, 80, (3), 377 -

386.

46. Weitzman, Elissa R.; Nelson, Toben F., "College student binge drinking

and the 'prevention paradox': Implications for prevention and harm

reduction." Journal of Drug Education. 2004, 34, (3), 247 - 266.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/paradox/

Full text PDF: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/paradox/Prev_Paradox.pdf

47. Weitzman, Elissa R.; Nelson, Toben F.; Lee, Hang; Wechsler, Henry,

"Reducing drinking and related harms in college: Evaluation of the 'A

Matter of Degree' program." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct.

2004, 27, (3), 187 - 196.

48. Weitzman, Elissa R.; Nelson, Toben; Lee, Hang; Wechsler, Henry,

"Reducing drinking and related harms in college: Evaluation of the 'A

Matter of Degree' program." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct

2004, 27, (3), 187 - 196.

Abstract: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/Documents/amod/

49. Weitzman, Elissa R; Chen, Ying-Yeh ; Subramanian, SV, "Youth smoking

risk and community patterns of alcohol availability and control: A national

multilevel study." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Dec 2005,

59, (12), 1065 - 1071.

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of cocaine." Substance Use and Misuse. 2006, 41, (4), 489 - 509.

51. Young, Jeffrey R., "Study Questions Effectiveness of Popular Approach

to Reducing Student Drinking." Chronicle of Higher Education. Aug 8, 2003,

A.31 -.

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