Annotated Bibliography on "Co-Learning for a Sustainable Future: Implications"

Annotated Bibliography 8 pages (3064 words) Sources: 10

[EXCERPT] . . . .

Co-Learning for a Sustainable Future: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation

Arambiza, E. & Painter, M. (2006). Biodiversity conservation and the quality of life of indigenous people in the Bolivian Chaco. Human Organization, 65(1), 20-22.

The authors cite the need for partnerships between conservation authorities and indigenous people as part of the biodiversity conservation effort. Such partnerships must overcome significant obstacles to make the difficult decisions concerning land allocation that satisfies human production needs while maintaining biological diversity. Such efforts also demand recognition that local peoples have a stake in assuring that land allocation policies as informed and timely rather than as a stumbling block to progress to be addressed through education and law enforcement. Moreover, such informed decisions require an understanding of the local people who are affected by the policy-making process, including their specific views concerning how the land should be used and their interest in becoming partners in the process.

Describe of its potential application to topic: Many conservation efforts have tended to place a higher priority on socioeconomic outcomes rather than the steps that are required to ensure sustainable long-term biodiversity conservation. As a direct consequence, there remains a need to identify a more balanced approach between the needs of local peoples and what is required to construct viable approaches to biodiversity conservation.

Identify any limitations that it may have for the topic: The authors lump community-based conservation and community-based natural resource manageme

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nt together under the umbrella term of integrated conservation and development projects to illustrate how cooperating learning has facilitated biodiversity conservation efforts in the past, but these different approaches may well use different approaches that should be discussed in more detail.

Reaction: By citing several successes as well as failures, the authors provide a valuable and timely contribution to the growing body of research concerning how partnerships between local peoples and conservation authorities, particularly in South America's Gran Chaco region (a region that covers about one million square kilometers in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil) can provide improved biodiversity conservation outcomes.

Beem, B. (2009). Leaders in thinking, Laggards in attention? Bureaucratic engagement in international arenas. Policy Studies Journal, 37(3), 497-499.

Summary of the content: The author reports the results of his study sponsored by the University of Sydney Research and Development Scheme. In sharp contrast to some of the other articles reviewed, this study emphasizes the value of governmental bureaucracies in promoting biodiversity conservation by drawing on expertise and experiences from the international community, but only to the extent that they take the preferences, values and needs of local constituents into account in their policy-making approach. Author also cites the enormous effect of pressure groups that may seek to effect change in their best interests without taking the needs of others into account.

Describe of its potential application to topic: This study provides a comprehensive overview of recent biodiversity initiatives in both marine as well as other settings, including Australian forests. In addition, an analysis of how governmental bureaucracies develop goals and establish priorities is presented, followed by a summary of how the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) has successfully developed informed policies over the past 2 decades.

Identify any limitations that it may have for the topic: Although the study presents a useful interpretation of recent research concerning the need for collaborative approaches to biodiversity conservation, the specific focus on the GBRMPA limits its applicability to other settings to some extent. Despite this limitation, it is possible to identify several best practices that have been used by this organization that have wider applicability.

Reaction: Governmental bureaucracies are frequently singled out in the related literature as being "the bad guys" when it comes to biodiversity conservation, but the author provides some eye-opening examples of how it is possible for an informed approach to succeed where others fail. The GBRMPA represents one such success story.

Benjaminsen, T.A., Kepe, T. & Brathen, S. (2008). Between global interests and local needs:

Conservation and land reform in Namaqualand, South Africa. Africa, 78(2), 223-225.

Summary of the content (100 words): The authors are all educators in environmental science who report the results of their study of the creation and expansion of Namaqua National Park in Namaqualand, South Africa, to emphasize the conflicting interests represented by global organizations involved in biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. In spite of the recent shift in conservation philosophy from the "fortress protection" approach to more community-based conservation initiatives, the authors maintain that in many cases, the predominate approach in reality involves the former when there is a conflict between Western-style biodiversity conservation and the interests of marginalized communities in developing nations.

Describe of its potential application to topic: The authors' use of a case study approach to illustrate the need for community-level partnerships serves as a useful example of what can be achieved when local interests are taken into consideration, as well as how Western-style conservation approaches can still predominate when they are not.

Identify any limitations that it may have for the topic: Although the authors present summaries and illustrative quotations from numerous interviews with government officials, park managers, and business managers, they present similar findings for just a relatively few numbers of interviews with local people and their councils and commonage committees, creating a somewhat lopsided view.

Reaction: The use of recent primary research in developing this study's findings was a valuable addition to the body of biodiversity conservation knowledge. The authors' frank discussion concerning the limitations and failures of global conservation interests to collaborate with local peoples was an important point, and highlights the need for co-learning to take place in order for these initiatives to succeed.

Edmunds, D. & Wollenberg, E. (2001). Historical perspectives on forest policy change in Asia:

an introduction. Environmental History, 6(2), 190-191.

Summary of the content: Authors are researchers at the Center for International Forestry Research who report that it is possible to develop more cost-effective approaches to forest management by transferring responsibility from governmental bureaucracies to those who actually use these natural resources and who have a more vested interest in protecting them and using them in responsible ways. The experiences of most such efforts in the past, though, have been disappointing from the perspective of small-scale users. Although some successes have been achieved as measured by healthier forests and increased access to small-scale users, most improvements in forest management have been at their expense.

Describe of its potential application to topic: Because governmental agencies and their administrators will likely have their own self-interest at stake, developing improved biodiversity conservation efforts requires a social learning approach that more actively involves all stakeholders to facilitate the sharing of expertise, empirical observations, local values, and social beliefs that exist among different groups.

Identify any limitations that it may have for the topic: Although implementing a social learning network represents an important first step, the authors also emphasize that it is insufficient to ensure that policy making is learning-oriented. In fact, such efforts in countries such as China have been met with severe resistance to change based on longstanding policy-making arrangements among government officials.

Reaction: This study drove home the point that although social learning networks sound good, there is more involved in making them work than simply providing a forum for affected stakeholders to voice their views. The process may require a great deal of time, as well as some mistakes and setbacks, but nothing short of developing a learning-oriented approach to policy-making to biodiversity conservation will succeed in the long-term.

Meredith, T.C. (1997, Fall). Making knowledge powerful: Mexican village project uses environmental information technologies to strengthen community voices in biodiversity conservation. Alternatives Journal, 23(4), 28-29.

Summary of the content: The author is a professor of environmental geography at McGill University and coordinator of the Consortium for Community-Based Biodiversity Conservation who provides his analysis concerning how a village-based project in rural Mexico has forged partnerships between local people and conservation authorities. The project is based on three guiding principles: (a) that sharing of environmental information is essential to equitable (and therefore sustainable) environmental management; (b) that various characteristics of biodiversity resources make this sharing particularly important; and (c) that local perception and interpretation of environmental information are necessary components of informed conservation management practices.

Describe of its potential application to topic: The need to combine scientific as well as local information through partnerships in order to develop effective biodiversity conservation initiatives makes this case study of the Mexican village-based project particularly useful for understanding how the process can succeed and presents several best practices that are widely applicable.

Identify any limitations that it may have for the topic: The author's description of some of the technological approaches that were used in the Mexican village-based conservation project are somewhat dated, and a wide range of innovations in more recent years have provided additional opportunities to create partnerships that can draw on additional information resources.

Reaction: Despite the limitation noted above, the approach described by the author provides a useful example of what can be achieved through… READ MORE

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