Research Paper on "Moon and Apollo Missions"

Research Paper 6 pages (2581 words) Sources: 6

[EXCERPT] . . . .

"

How Astronauts Were Chosen

NASA welcomed a group of aero-medical experts from the Department of Defense to start the procedure of choosing the first astronauts. What method ought to be utilized? Some were of the idea that the first space explorers ought to have been Polar explorers (Kennedy). Probably, people with this sort of experience would have the capacity to adapt to the loneliness of singular space travel. Others supported choosing SCUBA divers, mountain climbers and paratroopers. In the end, the team determined that the best recruits would be military test pilots. Because they would already have been screened by their corresponding services and they already had experience going on test runs or flying trial vehicles. The team settled on the following method criteria (Kennedy):

Age: Not more than 40 years

Height: Not more than 5'11

Physical condition: Very Good

Education: Have an undergraduate degree or equivalent; graduate of test pilot school

Flying Qualifications: A certified jet pilot with more than 1,500 flying hours

Various preparation programs such as the land and water survival, G-resistance; zero-G air ship flights and space physiology were still entrenched in the preparation regimen of both the Soviet and American space projects until the seventies. A critical change in American preparation routines occurred at the start of the Space Shuttle. This is because in the rise to the orbit the engines are throttled to maintain the acceleration beneath 3 Gs (Kenndy). Amid re-entry, the direction is sufficiently shallow to keep the G. stacking to 1.5 Gs or less. With this kind of shift, the G-resilience training was stopped (In any case, with a comeback of ballistic capsule-like build of the Orion CEV, this will probably get to be essential once more). Another change with the Space Shuttle was the presentation of computerized test systems. The older designs of Space Shuttle landing simulators utilized map board fitted with moving cams. However on the launch of the initial Space Shuttle mission in 1981, these had been supplanted by all-advanced computerized test systems (Kennedy).

NASA and Other Agencies

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected 8 astronauts in 2013 who are still receiving training. It has about 43 full-time astronauts. Until essential preparation is finished, which takes around 2 years; trainees are referred to as astronaut candidates. Organizations such as the European space Agency (ESA) and China National Space Agency (CNSA) usually send in their astronauts for joint training exercises. Even after the astronauts are chosen, it can take years before they actually fly in a space voyage (Howell, 2014). Several astronauts come from the different military services while regular civilians can also be employed. Non-military astronauts are remunerated as per the government pay-scale that is between the classifications of GS-11 to GS-14. In the year of 2012, staffs living in Houston (where the training station is based) made at least $64,724 for a GS-11 to not more than $141,715 for a GS-14; as the staffs get more obligations and experience, their compensation will rise (Howell, 2014).

The Future of Space Exploration and What Americans Think About It

Americans want their nation to continue being the pioneers in space investigation, a poll done by The Pew Research Center is said to have shown. Of those surveyed 58% said they concurred it was key that the United States kept on being the leader in space explorations. More support somewhat came from individuals who had larger incomes, and to some degree a greater number of Republicans agreed more than Democrats or independents; there was little variation in light of training or education (Foust, 2011).

At the start of the 21st century a few arrangements for space investigation were declared; by both government agencies and private entities. China did declare it was making arrangements to have a 60 ton space station orbiting the earth by 2020. The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 gave it a re-organized rundown of goals, and funding for the initial priorities (NASA Announces Designs). NASA requested to advance with the building of the Space Launch System (SLS), which will be built to convey the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, and additionally vital payload, gear, and science tests to Earth's circle and other places in space. Moreover, the Space launch systems will serve as a go-between for business and other transport services from various nations included in the International Space Station. The SLS spacecraft will join mechanical specification advancements from the Constellation program and the Space Shuttle program with a specific end goal of exploiting the proven equipment and reduce design building and operations costs. The principal formative flight is focused for the end of 2017 (NASA Announces Designs).

Conclusion

Space exploration programs have brought about numerous benefits in terms of technologies and communication devices such as satellites. It has enabled people to connect faster. It has also helped in monitoring weather conditions and giving us more solid knowledge about the universe. Nations like the U.S. have improved their defense capabilities and are even able to protect their allies who are far away courtesy of these space programs.

To get a deeper feeling of the thoughts, one can go over a work known as "Universe"; this book spotlights the basic ideas of space science as well as on the methodology of scientific findings itself -- the process of knowing what we know about the universe (Freedman, Geller, and Kaufmann, 2013). Interactively composed and filled with supportive educational devices, the book additionally effectively dissipate broadly held myths and assists students to overcome hindrances in space exploration. It is a work that investigates thoughts of space explorers and also gives understanding to the individuals who still ponder about the Apollo programs themselves.

"References"

1)

Foust, J. (2011, July 6). Americans want to be leaders in space exploration. But what does that mean? Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http://www.spacepolitics.com/2011/07/06/americans-want-to-be-leaders-in-space-exploration-but-what-does-that-mean/

2)

Freedman, R., Geller, R., & Kaufmann, W. (2013). Universe (10th ed.) W.H. Freeman.

3)

Howell, E. (2014, April 16). Astronaut Salary. Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://www.universetoday.com/41252/astronaut-salary/

4)

Kennedy, G. (n.d.). Astronaut Criteria -- A brief history. Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http://www.etcusa.com/etc.-newsletter/astronaut-criteria-a-brief-history/

5)

Makara, M. (2004, July 27). Manned Apollo Missions. Retrieved March 16, 2015, from http://www.history.nasa.gov/ap11-35ann/missions.html

6)

Messier, D. (2014, August 18). Wanted: Unmanned Space Plane to Fly on thr Cheap. Retrieved March 17, 2015, from http://www.space.com/26855-xs1-darpa-space-plane-program.html

7)

NASA Announces Design For New Deep Space Exploration System. (2011, September 14). Retrieved March… READ MORE

How to Reference "Moon and Apollo Missions" Research Paper in a Bibliography

Related Research Papers:

Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory Term Paper

Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory

The aim of this paper is to present elements that might point towards a possible conspiracy theory related to the Apollo mission to land a human… read more

Term Paper 4 pages (1370 words) Sources: 4 Style: APA Topic: Astronomy / Planets / Solar System

---

Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong Term Paper

Buzz Aldrin - Apollo 11 Landmark Mission

Each person is a witness to history in the making as the events of the world unfold each day. Some of the events… read more

Term Paper 5 pages (1666 words) Sources: 2 Style: MLA Topic: Astronomy / Planets / Solar System

---

Apollo Program and President John F. Kennedy Term Paper

John F. Kennedy and the Apollo Program

Among other things, the 1960's will probably be remembered most prominently for its culmination in the moon landing, successfully achieved by the United… read more

Term Paper 15 pages (4722 words) Sources: 10 Style: MLA Topic: American History / United States

---

Missions to Mars Term Paper

Physics - Mission to Mars

MISSION to MARS

The Apollo Space Program that culminated in a spectacular series of moon landings concluded in 1973 and the focus of subsequent American… read more

Term Paper 5 pages (1503 words) Sources: 4 Style: APA Topic: Astronomy / Planets / Solar System

---

Apollo Research Paper

Apollo 1

Who, What, When, Why, and How?

This work in writing intends to examine Apollo 1 in terms of who, what, when, where, why and how and to note… read more

Research Paper 8 pages (2202 words) Sources: 5 Topic: Astronomy / Planets / Solar System

---

View 100+ more related papers  >>