Thesis on "Aerobic Respiration Produces the Most ATP?"

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), however, is an in vitro process whereby segments of DNA, and not the whole genome, are amplified exponentially within a test tube. The initiation of replication in PCR requires an initial primer fragment that associates with the DNA template to be replication. Since there are often no cellular quality control enzymes within the PCR reaction, the fidelity of the amplification process can vary depending on the polymerase being utilized. Given the high temperatures required for denaturing and annealing, polymerases from thermophilic bacteria are typically used.

3. The tsr gene in E. coli encodes a receptor that senses nutrients and allows the bacteria to find food sources. Trace the creation of the TSR protein starting with the gene in the genome and ending with the protein. (Include enzymes and molecules involved in the processes.)

The generation of the protein begins with the creation of its cognate mRNA. RNA is transcribed from the DNA associated with the protein by a RNA polymerase. RNA transcription involves pre-initiation, initation, elongation, and termination stages, wherein a wide-variety of proteins and protein complexes are involved. The mRNA, along with ribosomal components, are targeted to the bacterial membrane where co-translation integration of the receptor occurs. Translation requires the template mRNA, amino-acyl tRNAs, and amino acids, in addition to two ribosomal subunits (small and large), an energy source, and translation initiation factors. Co-translation folding within the membrane occurs as the polypeptide chain of the receptor collapses into its native fold. In prokaryotic systems, transcription and translation are often coupled.

4. Why are prokaryotes able to react to their environment by producing proteins much more quickly than eukaryotes? (This should be a complete analysis including multiple differences between proks and euks.)

Prokaryotes can react to their environment more quickly than eukaryotes because the transcription and translation processes are coupled and inherently possess fewer processing steps. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs within the nucleus, where the nascent RNA then undergoes several processing and splicing steps before translocation to the cytoplasm. Within the eukaryotic cytoplasm, the mRNA may be translated or it may be targeted to the ER for translation and subsequent secretion.

In prokaryotes, however, there is no nucleus and the transcription and translation processes are coupled. There is typically no processing of transcribed RNA and there is concomitant transcription and translation of mRNA. It is also possible that the polyploidy state of many prokaryotes during the continuous replication process can result in multiple copies of specific genes.

5. How would you determine whether or not the unknown bacteria in your patient's blood sample is Shigella flexneri? Describe the steps of your chosen technique including how the unknown bacteria would be identified.

One way to identify if the unknown bacteria within a patient's blood is S. flexneri is through isolation of colonies, morphological analysis and appearance, biochemical… READ MORE